Conditions for Organic Synthesis

alkane to haloalkane

Br2, UV light

haloalkane to primary amine

excess ethanolic NH3, high temp

haloalkane to nitrile

ethanolic KCN, under reflux

haloalkane to alkene

ethanolic NaOH, heat under reflux

haloalkane to alcohol

warm, aqueous NaOH under reflux

nitrile to primary amine

LiAlH4, dry ether, then dilute acid OR Ni/Pt catalyst at a high temperature and pressure

primary amine to secondary, tertiary amine or quaternary ammonium salt

excess haloalkane

primary alcohol to aldehyde

acidified potassium dichromate, heat and distill

aldehyde to primary alcohol

NaBH4 in water with methanol

secondary alcohol to ketone

acidified potassium dichromate, heat and reflux

ketone to alcohol

NaBH4 in water with methanol

aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

acidified KCN/HCN, room temp

ketone to hydroxynitrile

acidified KCN/HCN, room temp

alcohol to alkene

hot, concentrated sulfuric acid

alkene to alcohol (hydration)

excess steam, 300C, 60 atm, phosphoric acid catalyst

alkene to alcohol (electrophilic addition)

concentrated sulfuric acid, then warm water

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

acidified potassium dichromate, heat under reflux

alkene to poly(alkene) (LDPE)

high pressure, high temp

alkene to poly(alkene)

Ziegler-Natta catalyst, pressure and temp slightly greater than room conditions

carboxylic acid to ester

concentrated sulfuric acid, alcohol, heat

ester to carboxylic acid (acid-catalysed hydrolysis)

dilute acid catalyst, water under reflux

ester to carboxylic acid (alkaline-catalysed hydrolysis)

dilute alkali, under reflux

primary amine to N-substituted amide

acyl chloride, room temp

acyl chloride/acid anhydride to N-substituted amide

amine, room temp

acyl chloride/acid anhydride to ester

alcohol, room temp

acyl chloride/acid anhydride to primary amide

ammonia, room temp

acyl chloride/ acid anhydride to carboxylic acid

water, room temp