Soil Horizons (apes)

O - Horizon

Topmost layer of soil, composed of organic matter like leaves and twigs. Also known as the organic horizon. Provides nutrients to plants and supports diverse microbial life.

A - Horizon

The uppermost layer of soil, rich in organic matter, minerals, and nutrients. It is commonly known as topsoil and supports plant growth.

E - Horizon

The layer of soil known for its high mineral content and light color.

B - Horizon

A soil layer below the A-horizon. It accumulates minerals and nutrients from the A-horizon. It has clay, iron, and organic matter, and is darker in color.

C - Horizon

The layer of soil closest to the bedrock, consisting of partially weathered rock and minerals. It is the lowest layer in the soil profile.

R - Horizon

The layer of partially weathered or unweathered bedrock at the base of the soil profile.