ELDERLY

What is the study of aging?

Gerontology

What is a subspecialty of clinical medicine focused on care of the aged?

Geriatrics

What kind of damage is caused by mutagens or radiation?

Genetic

What is the term for the formation of glycated-end products?

Glycation

What damages DNA

RNA

What happens to muscle mass with age?

Decreases

What age-related condition is the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength?

Sarcopenia

What lab value is no longer reliable for assessing renal function in the aged?

Creatinine

What increases with atrophic gastritis?

Deficiency in Vitamin B12

What decreases in both men and women with age?

Density

What hormone increases in post-menopausal women?

PTH

What decreases due to poor absorption with atrophic gastritis?

B12

What decreases resulting in decreased calcium and iron absorption?

Acid; increase in Achlorhydria

What lab value is elevated due to inflammation malnutrition or liver disease?

CRP

What happens to the number of functional glomeruli with age?

Decreases

What happens to GFR with age?

Declines

What increases with age with levels of serum renin decreasing?

EPO

What shrinks with age decreasing thymosin levels?

Thymus

What antibodies increase with age?

Autoimmune

What virus can reactivate causing shingles?

Herpes

What peaks between ages 60-74?

DM

What type of diabetes increases with aging?

II

What is affected in microvascular complications?

Retinopathy, Neuropathy, Nephropathy

What is affected in macrovascular complications?

Cerebrovascular, Cardiovascular, Peripheral vascular

What hormone's secretion diminishes decreasing lean body mass?

Growth hormone

What hormone's secretion increases contributing to vasoconstriction?

Norepinephrine

What hormone may decline contributing to orthostatic hypotension?

Aldosterone

What is well preserved or slightly increased into very old age?

Thyroid

What decreases by 20mmHg in blood pressure in orthostatic hypotension?

Systolic

What increases nearly 4x higher in healthy elderly individuals?

ANP

What decreases by 40% to 60% with age?

DHEA

What increases FSH levels?

Estrogen

What decreases as a consequence of decreased renin?

Aldosterone

What declines with age?

Pituitary

What decreases in women with a secondary increase in hypothalamic GnRH?

Progesterone and estrogen

What decreases gradually in men?

Testosterone

What variables affect specimen collection in the elderly?

Diet

What is a common health condition in the elderly?

Hypertension

What is decreased in muscle?

Mass

What increases in postmenopausal women?

PTH

What decreases in GI issues?

Albumin

What decreases in kidney function?

GFR

What shrinks in the immune system?

Thymus

What remains unchanged in glucose metabolism?

Insulin

What decreases leading to sleep cycle disorders?

Melatonin

What increases leading to anemia?

EPO

What decreases by 40-60%?

DHEA

What is a person considered when they are 18 years old and below?

Pediatric

Birth before 37 weeks is considered?

Preterm

Birth at 37-42 weeks is considered?

Term

Birth >42 weeks is considered?

Postterm

What age is considered neonates?

0-30

What age is considered infants?

30-12

What age is considered toddlers?

12-3

What is the maximum amount of blood that can be drawn for venipuncture?

0.5ml

What veins are most accessible for venipuncture?

Antecubital

What can removing more than 10% of an infant's blood volume lead to?

Shock, Cardiac arrest and anemia

What is the standard adult blood draw volume?

10ml

What does frequent blood draws lead to?

Anemia

What is the percentage of total blood volume in a premature neonate?

5%

What is used to calculate how many mL of blood can be drawn from a pediatric patient?

Weight

What size needle is used for pediatric patients?

Smaller (gauge 22,23,24)

What samples are often collected when suitable veins are not available?

Capillary

Capillary samples are contaminated by what?

Interstitial

What is approximately 3x lower in interstitial fluid than in plasma?

Protein

What is used to arterialize capillaries?

Warming the site

What can stabbing into the bone during heel stick cause?

Osteomyelitis

What does excessive squeezing of a lancet site cause?

Hemolysis

What capillary values are greater than venous values?

Glucose

What capillary values are less than venous values?

Protein

What puncture site is recommended for neonates?

Heel

What is the puncture depth for a premature neonate's heel?

0.85

What is the puncture depth for a child's finger (6 months to 8 years)?

1.5

What tube samples cannot be handled by automated systems?

Peditubes

What may affect results by as much as 10%?

Evaporation

What is the volume of solution that remains in the needle after injection?

Dead volume

What testing is useful in NICU babies?

POCT

What is a drawback of POCT?

Expensive

What POCT test is for respiratory therapists only?

Arterial Blood