AP World History: Modern - Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (Developments in Europe) - Vocabulary

Vocabulary for 1.6 APWH.

Middle Ages/Medieval period

5th-6th century (caused by fall of the Roman Empire)

decline in trade/intellectualism

fighting smaller kingdoms that replaced Roman Empire

High Middle Ages

1000-1450

revival in trade/intellectualism

Peter Abelard

studied classical thinkers like Aristotle

sometime criticized Catholic Church but became faithful throughout life

fiefs

tracts of land granted by monarchs to lords

vassal

someone who owes service to someone of a higher status

code of chivalry

unwritten set of rules for conduct focusing on honor, courtesy, and bravery

manors

large fiefs/estates

manorial system

economic system where the manor provided everything for a community and limited interaction with the outside

serfs

peasants

three-field system

1: grew wheat/rye (food)

2: legumes (peas, lentils, beans) to add nitrogen to the soil

3: fallow

King Philip II

ruled France: 1180-1223

created first bureaucracy in Europe

King Philip IV

ruled France: 1258-1314

created Estates-General

Estates-General

body to advise the king

made up of 3 estates

French

estates

clergy

nobility

commoners

Otto 1

crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962

German king

hearkened back to Charlemagne’s designation as emperor of the Romans

lay investiture controversy

11th-12th CE

dispute over whether a secular or religious leader could invest bishops with the symbols of office

Concordat of Worms

1122

resolved lay investiture controversy

gave the Church autonomy from secular authorities

Normans

descendants of Vikings

settled in northwestern France (Normandy)

conquered Sicily from the Muslims

William the Conqueror

Norman king

invaded England in 1066

presided over a highly organized feudal system

Magna Carta

1215

nobles forced King John to sign

required king to respect certain rights

scutage

tax paid on a knight who wanted to pay money instead of provide military service

English Parliament

1265

increased rights of English nobility

House of Lords

represented clergy & nobles

House of Commons

made up of elected representatives & wealthy townspeople

Hundred Years’ War

1337-1453

between monarchies of England & France

reconquista

effort of Christians to reconquer Spain from Muslims (conquered 8th CE)

completed in 1492

Great Schism

1054

Church divides into Roman Catholic & Orthodox branches

Palestine

Middle Eastern land important to Christians, Jews, and Muslims

primogeniture

law that stated the oldest son took all inheritance

Crusades

series of military campaigns by European Christian army

1095-1200s

First Crusade

victory for Christendom

conquering of Jerusalem

July 1099

Fourth Crusade

last major Crusade

1202-1204

never made it to the Holy Land

Levant

area in the Middle East where soldiers were transported during the fourth Crusade

held by Muslims at the end of the Fourth Crusade

Marco Polo

visited Kublai Khan’s court in Dadu (Beijing) in 13th century

Italian native from Venice

sparked curiosity of other cultures and cartography

bourgeoise/burghers

middle class below the nobles/clergy and above the masses

European

shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, small landholders

Black Death

14th century European plague

wiped out 1/3 of Europe

Little Ice Age

five-century cooling of the climate since the 1300s

slowed urban growth/agricultural production

antisemitism

anti-Jewish sentiment

Renaissance

revival of interest in classical Greek & Roman literature, art, culture, and civic virtue

moveable-type

1439

developed by Johannes Gutenberg

allowed cheaper production of literature

rapid spread of ideas

humanism

developed in the Renaissance

focus on individuals rather than God

education/reform

secular literature

Southern Renaissance

supported by the Church

Italy/Spain

Dante Alighieri

Southern Renaissance writer

1265-1321

created The Divine Comedy

criticized corrupt religious officials

used Italian vernacular instead of Latin

The Divine Comedy

portrayal of heaven, hell, and purgatory

Medicis

Florence

supported the Renaissance

Northern Renaissance

14th century

The Canterbury Tales

written by Geoffrey Chaucer

late 1300s

microcosm of middle-class occupations in England

Geoffrey Chaucer

Northern Renaissance writer

satirical writings portrayed monks who loved hunting and overly sentimental nuns

used vernacular of Middle English (some writings in Latin)

Kievan Rus

center of Eastern European trade

based in today’s Kiev, Ukraine

adopted Orthodox Christianity

maintained closer relations with Byzantium rather than Roman Catholic Europe

conquered by Mongols in 13th century and developed separately from the rest of Europe

Ivan the Great

rose in the 15th century

Moscow-based leader

led to independence from Mongols

independent Russian state