Problem Solving and Theory of Computation

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary and concepts related to problem solving and the theory of computation as discussed in the lecture notes.

Two's Complement

A method used in computing to represent signed integers, allowing the representation of negative values by inverting the bits and adding one.

Rational Number

A number that can be expressed as a fraction or ratio of two integers.

Irrational Number

A number that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction, with an infinite non-repeating decimal expansion.

Fixed Point Binary

A method of representing real numbers in binary that includes a specific number of bits for the integer part and the fractional part.

Sampling Rate

The frequency at which samples of an audio signal are taken, measured in hertz (Hz), affecting the quality and accuracy of sound representation.

Colour Depth

The number of bits used to represent the colour of a pixel in an image, determining the number of possible colours.

Metadata

Data that provides information about other data, which in the context of images might include details like image dimensions, resolution, and colour depth.

Parity Bit

An extra bit added to binary data to ensure that the number of bits with a value of 1 is even (even parity) or odd (odd parity) for error checking.

Checksum

A value calculated from a data set to verify data integrity during transmission by comparing the calculated value with a transmitted one.

Vector Graphics

Graphics represented by paths, or geometrical shapes, which are scalable without losing quality, unlike raster graphics.

Binary Arithmetic

Mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.) carried out with binary numbers.

Unicode

A standard for encoding text allowing multiple character sets from various languages, which aims to unify all character systems.

ASCII

A character encoding standard for electronic communication, representing text in computers using 7-bit binary numbers.

Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC)

A device that converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers for processing in computers.

MIDI

Musical Instrument Digital Interface, a protocol used for communicating musical performance data between digital instruments.