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anatomy
the branch of science dealing with the structure of body parts
physiology
the branch of science dealing with the function of body parts
atoms
microscopic particles (first level of organization)
molecules
between atoms and macromolecules
macromolecules
between molecules and organelle
organelle
cell structure , between macromolecules and cell
cell
building block of living things, between organelle and tissue
tissue
a group of cells all having a common function, between cell and organ
organ
a group of tissues all having a common function, between tissue and organ system
organ system
a group of organs all having a common function , between organ and organism
organism
last level of organization
movement
change in position
responsiveness
reaction to change
growth
increase in size
reproduction
making more of your species
respiration
obtaining oxygen to remove energy from food and eliminating CO2
digestion
break down of food to smaller pieces
absorption
passage of food from DS to blood
circulation
movement of substances in the body fluids
assimiliation
the changing of the absorbed substances into different forms
excretion
removal of waste products
water
for metabolic process and transportfood
food
for energy, building blocks and regulation
O2
releases energy from food
heat
determines the rate of the body reactions
pressure
for breathing and blood flow rate
homeostasis
the condition in which the body’s internal environment (interstitial fluid) remains stable
body’s internal environment
interstitial fluid
3 systems body uses to maintain homeostasis
receptors, control center, effectors
receptors
provide info regarding interior and exterior conditions
a stimulus is any stress that changes a controlled condition
sends messages to control center as input
control center
the brain
receives input from receptor
determines course of action
sends message out to effect that decision (output)
effectors
receives output from control center
causes body’s response
usually muscles or glands
negative feedback
a process by which the original deviation from the set point is countered by a reversal of that deviation (Ex : low body temperature —> shivering)
positive feedback system
a process by which the original deviation from the set point is enhanced by a supplementation of that deviation (Ex : labor contractions, blood clotting, lactation)
homeostasis may be disturbed by ____
stress
superior/cephalic/cranial
towards the head or upper part of the structure
inferior/caudal
away from the head or upper part of the structure
anterior/ventral
nearer to or at the front of the body
posterior/dorsal
nearer to or at the back of the body
medial
nearer to the midline of the body or structure
lateral
farther from the midline of the body or structure
intermediate
between 2 structures
proximal
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
distal
farther to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
superficial
towards or on the surface of the body
deep
away from the surface of the body
2 main portions the body is broken into
axial, the appendicular
axial body portions
head,neck,trunk
appendicular
arms,legs
skeletal system function
movement, support/frame, protection, produce blood cells, stores salt
skeletal system structure
bones, ligaments, tendons
muscle system function
movement, heat
muscle system structure
muscles
nervous system function
receive, interpret, respond to stimuli
nervous sytem structure
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
endocrine system function
alter body conditions
endocrine system structures
glands
cardiovascular system function
transportation
cardiovascular system structure
heart, blood vessels, blood
lymphatic system function
transportation, defense
lymphatic system structure
lymph vessels, lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
digestive system function
breakdown/absorption of food, removal of solid waste
digestive system structure
mouth, tongue, teeth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, gall bladder, pancreas, pharynx, salivary glands
respiratory system function
exchange gases between body and environment
respiratory system structure
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lung
urinary system function
clean blood, remove liquid waste
urinary system structure
kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder
reproductive system funciton
produce offspring
reproductive system structure
scrotum, testes, penis, ovaries, uterus, vagina
a plane
an imaginary flat surface
a section
the surface area of the piece you are looking at
How many abdominopelvic regions are there ?
9 regions
What do doctors use to locate pain, tumors or other problems ?
the 4 quadrants
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right ( does not have to be even )
mid sagittal plane
evenly divides body into left and right
frontal plane
divides body into front and back (anterior and posterior)
horizontal plane
divides body into top and bottom (superior and inferior)
2 systems the body uses to maintain homeostasis
nervous and endocrine system
stress
anything that creates an imbalance within the internal environment
stimulus
any stress that changes a controlled condition