Body Organization - Anatomy

anatomy

the branch of science dealing with the structure of body parts

physiology

the branch of science dealing with the function of body parts

atoms

microscopic particles (first level of organization)

molecules

between atoms and macromolecules

macromolecules

between molecules and organelle

organelle

cell structure , between macromolecules and cell

cell

building block of living things, between organelle and tissue

tissue

a group of cells all having a common function, between cell and organ

organ

a group of tissues all having a common function, between tissue and organ system

organ system

a group of organs all having a common function , between organ and organism

organism

last level of organization

movement

change in position

responsiveness

reaction to change

growth

increase in size

reproduction

making more of your species

respiration

obtaining oxygen to remove energy from food and eliminating CO2

digestion

break down of food to smaller pieces

absorption

passage of food from DS to blood

circulation

movement of substances in the body fluids

assimiliation

the changing of the absorbed substances into different forms

excretion

removal of waste products

water

for metabolic process and transportfood

food

for energy, building blocks and regulation

O2

releases energy from food

heat

determines the rate of the body reactions

pressure

for breathing and blood flow rate

homeostasis

the condition in which the body’s internal environment (interstitial fluid) remains stable

body’s internal environment

interstitial fluid

3 systems body uses to maintain homeostasis

receptors, control center, effectors

receptors

• provide info regarding interior and exterior conditions

• a stimulus is any stress that changes a controlled condition

• sends messages to control center as input

control center

• the brain

• receives input from receptor

• determines course of action

• sends message out to effect that decision (output)

effectors

• receives output from control center

• causes body’s response

• usually muscles or glands

negative feedback

a process by which the original deviation from the set point is countered by a reversal of that deviation (Ex : low body temperature —> shivering)

positive feedback system

a process by which the original deviation from the set point is enhanced by a supplementation of that deviation (Ex : labor contractions, blood clotting, lactation)

homeostasis may be disturbed by ____

stress

superior/cephalic/cranial

towards the head or upper part of the structure

inferior/caudal

away from the head or upper part of the structure

anterior/ventral

nearer to or at the front of the body

posterior/dorsal

nearer to or at the back of the body

medial

nearer to the midline of the body or structure

lateral

farther from the midline of the body or structure

intermediate

between 2 structures

proximal

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

distal

farther to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

superficial

towards or on the surface of the body

deep

away from the surface of the body

2 main portions the body is broken into

axial, the appendicular

axial body portions

head,neck,trunk

appendicular

arms,legs

skeletal system function

movement, support/frame, protection, produce blood cells, stores salt

skeletal system structure

bones, ligaments, tendons

muscle system function

movement, heat

muscle system structure

muscles

nervous system function

receive, interpret, respond to stimuli

nervous sytem structure

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

endocrine system function

alter body conditions

endocrine system structures

glands

cardiovascular system function

transportation

cardiovascular system structure

heart, blood vessels, blood

lymphatic system function

transportation, defense

lymphatic system structure

lymph vessels, lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

digestive system function

breakdown/absorption of food, removal of solid waste

digestive system structure

mouth, tongue, teeth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, gall bladder, pancreas, pharynx, salivary glands

respiratory system function

exchange gases between body and environment

respiratory system structure

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lung

urinary system function

clean blood, remove liquid waste

urinary system structure

kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder

reproductive system funciton

produce offspring

reproductive system structure

scrotum, testes, penis, ovaries, uterus, vagina

a plane

an imaginary flat surface

a section

the surface area of the piece you are looking at

How many abdominopelvic regions are there ?

9 regions

What do doctors use to locate pain, tumors or other problems ?

the 4 quadrants

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right ( does not have to be even )

mid sagittal plane

evenly divides body into left and right

frontal plane

divides body into front and back (anterior and posterior)

horizontal plane

divides body into top and bottom (superior and inferior)

2 systems the body uses to maintain homeostasis

nervous and endocrine system

stress

anything that creates an imbalance within the internal environment

stimulus

any stress that changes a controlled condition