Unit 1 Vocab APHUG

Map

A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it.

Cartography

The science of making maps, with a history stretching from prehistoric cave paintings to digital GPS

Scale

the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, scales on a map could vary, being local all the way to global

Projection

The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map. Projections are methods to represent earths curved surface

Mercator Projection

Shape is distorted very little, consistent direction, rectangular map, but relative size is distorted toward the Poles.

it originates from the 16th century, In addition, continents like Australia almost touch the south pole.

Peters projection

A narrow version of Earth with distortion of land size.

that attempts to retain the accurate sizes of all the world's landmasses

Robinson Projection

Useful for displaying information across oceans, but land

areas are smaller than on interrupted maps of the same size.

It distorts land by making it smaller.

Goode projection

Shows areas accurately, but shows a torn, peeled, and

flattened map of Earth.

certain portions of the oceans are removed to lessen distortion

meridians

lines of longitude

parallels

lines of latitude

Longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

Latitude

Distance north or south of the equator

Prime meridian

0 degrees longitude

Equator

0 degrees latitude

Ecuador, Kenya and Somalia are the only countries that lie completely on the equator line.

International Date line

the line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian

When your cross from the west to the east (Asia to America) you go back a day, and when you go vice versa, you add a day.

Greenwich Mean Time

The time in that time zone encompassing the Prime Meridian, or 0 degrees longitude

EST it 5 hours behind GMT

GPS

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

GPS was created because of a tragedy when the Soivet Union shot down a Korean air line jet.

GIS

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

For example, how some GPS services show road incidents and disturbances while your driving.

Remote sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.

Like how satalites track deforestation in the Amazon

Place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

Sense of Place

the emotions someone attaches to an area based on their experiences

Like when people visit their home town, they feel nostalgia and happiness

Placelessness

the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

Like when chain restaurants and highways and airports start to open up near a place, so it looks like any other major city.

Absolute Location

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates

The absolute location of Newtown Highschool is 41.4100° N, 73.2711° W

Relative Location

The position of a place in relation to another place

Newtown is 6.44 kilometers southwest from Bethel

Toponym

The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.

Washington DC is the capitol of the US

site

The physical character of a place

New York City is a natural Harbor

Situation

the location of a place relative to other places

The situation of Paris is near France made it a major international and growth trade center.

Formal region

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics

How quebec and France share the same language and values

Functional Region

An area organized around a node or focal point

Newtown, Stonington, and Bantam are borough of CT

Vernacular Region

an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

Like how some countries believe the Taiwan is a part of China because if follows the same Chinese law and society

Mental map

A map which represents the perceptions and knowledge a person has of an area

Spatial Association

The relationship between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another feature.

the clustered distribution of wealthy neighborhoods, the uniform distribution of evenly spaced housing in a planned community

Globalizaiton

Actions that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide

the operation of multinational corporations with global supply chains for goods like coffee and other goods.

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

Examples include population distribution across a continent, showing how people cluster in cities like New York or disperse in rural areas like North Dakota

Density

Frequncy of something occuring in space

A country with a population of 10 million people and a land area of 100,000 square miles has an arithmetic density of 100 people per square mile.

Concentration

The spread of something over a given area.

clusters of specific industries, ethnic groups, or types of natural features, showing that concentration

Clustered Spatial Pattern

when objects are grouped together in areas

villages built around a water source

Dispersed Spatial Pattern

When Objects are spread out and scattered across an area

individual houses in the countryside

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate

ancient centers of civilization like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Northern China where agriculture originated

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

the spread of Christianity through European colonization

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of an idea from persons to other persons or places

the diffusion of religion from influential leaders to the general public

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

The spread of a viral video on the internet.

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

McDonald's adapting its menu in India by replacing beef burgers with veggie burgers to accommodate the Hindu cultural practice of not eating beef

Distance Decay

The farther away something is to another, the less likely they are to interact

a person is more likely to interact with a friend in his neighborhood then a friend in another country

Time-Space Compression

Describes the reduction in the time it takes for soemthing to reach another place

How people can talk to eachother across the world in an instant using your phones.

Koppen System

System that divides the world in 5 climate groups, Tropical, Arid, Temperate, Continental, and polar

Sustainability

The use of earths resources in a way that ensures their availability in the future

The promotion of sustainable agriculture through practices like crop rotation

Enviormental Determinism

the view that the natural enviornment causes social development

A place with very fertile soil can support agriculture, promoting moreadvanced communities

Possibilsm

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people can adjust to the enviorment

The creation of artificial islands, like the palm islands in dubai

Probabilism

The idea that humans can choose how they interact with the physical environment, but not freely

In the middle east, its unlikely that people will grow rice in the desert enviorment, but its not impossible.

Post Structuralist Geography

How the elite in a society dominate the weaker groups and how the elite groups occupy space and the results from the domination

Local govs pursing policies to impose dangerous, polluting industries on minority neighborhoods.

Humanistic Geography

The study of different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meanings.

How people in the LGTBQ community tend to go to places that accept them and allow them, to interact freely, like Christopher street in New York.

Behavioral Geography

the study of the psychological basis for individual human actions in space

A persons mental map of a city and the decision process they go through when they want to go places

Conservation

The sustainable use and management of earths natural resources to meet human needs.

Establishing protected wildlife areas and using more sustainable resources

Preservation

Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible.

Planting gardens, trees, and using sustaibale fuels for energy.

Quantitative

Data that is in numbers

Qualitative

Interprative data

Accessibility

Reaching certain location from other locations

Highways that allow people access places far away

Connectivity

The relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

How people connect with each other on the internet.