TERMS LMSW

SFAREAFI

An acronym representing steps: Safety, Feelings, Assess, Refer, Educate, Advocate, Facilitate, Intervene.

RUSAFE

A guideline: Rule out medical issues, Under the influence, Save lives, Assess before action, Feelings, Empower.

FARM GRITS ROAD

A strategy to eliminate distracting answers.

FoStNoPeAd

A mnemonic for group development stages: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning.

Freud psychosexual stages

Stages of development: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

A theory outlining needs: Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-actualization.

Couples development

Stages of relationship development: Romance, Power Struggle, Stability, Commitment, Co-Creation.

Piaget's cognitive development model

Stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, Formal.

Stages of change

Phases in behavior change: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance, Relapse.

Problem solving process

Phases of intervention: Engagement, Assessment, Planning, Treatment, Evaluation, Termination.

Community organizing

Stages: Orientation, Conflict, Engagement, Reinforcement.

Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development

Framework of psychosocial development across life stages.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Stage from birth to 1 year focusing on trust based on caregiver consistency.

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Stage from 1 to 3 years focusing on independence and self-confidence.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Stage from 3 to 6 years focusing on initiative and leadership.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Stage from 6 to 12 years focusing on achievement and self-esteem.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Stage from 12 to 18 years focusing on identity formation.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Stage from 20s to early 40s focusing on intimate relationships.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Stage from 40s to mid 60s focusing on productivity and contribution to society.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Final stage focusing on reflection and acceptance of one's life.

Despair

A state of depression and hopelessness that can develop when individuals feel unproductive or dissatisfied with their life progression.

Domains of Development

Categories of growth including Cognitive (mental skills), Affective (emotional growth), and Psychomotor (physical skills).

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

A theory outlining stages of cognitive development in children, detailing characteristics and age ranges.

Sensorimotor Stage

The first stage of Piaget's theory (ages 0-2) characterized by primitive logic in manipulating objects and the development of object permanence.

Preoperational Stage

The second stage of Piaget's theory (ages 2-7) marked by symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and magical thinking.

Concrete Operations Stage

The third stage of Piaget's theory (ages 7-11) where logical thought begins and children understand cause/effect relationships.

Formal Operations Stage

The final stage of Piaget's theory (ages 11 to maturity) characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking.

Kohlberg's Moral Development

A theory that describes the stages of moral development in children and adolescents.

Preconventional Stage

Kohlberg's first stage (before age 9) where moral reasoning is based on obedience and self-interest.

Conventional Stage

Kohlberg's second stage (early adolescence) where moral reasoning is based on gaining approval and obeying laws.

Postconventional Stage

Kohlberg's final stage (teens/adults) where moral reasoning is based on social contracts and larger moral issues.

Learning Theories

Frameworks that describe how individuals learn, including Behaviorist, Cognitive, Humanistic, and Social/Situational theories.

Behaviorist Learning Theory

A theory that views learning as a change in behavior due to external stimuli, focusing on observable actions.

Cognitive Learning Theory

A theory that emphasizes internal mental processes and cognitive structures in the learning process.

Humanistic Learning Theory

A theory that focuses on personal growth and reaching full potential as the basis for learning.

Social/Situational Learning Theory

A theory that posits learning occurs through interactions and observations in social contexts.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process where behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Aversion Therapy

A treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a behavior by pairing it with an aversive stimulus.

Biofeedback

A training program that teaches control over physiological functions like heart rate and blood pressure.

Extinction

The process of withholding reinforcement for a behavior, leading to its eventual cessation.

Flooding

A treatment procedure involving prolonged exposure to high-intensity feared stimuli to extinguish anxiety.

In Vivo Desensitization

A method of gradually exposing a client to anxiety-provoking situations in real settings.

Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)

A therapy aimed at changing irrational beliefs through argument and rational reevaluation.

Shaping

A method of training new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

Systematic Desensitization

A technique where an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with a relaxation response.

Time Out

A negative punishment technique involving the removal of something desirable.

Token Economy

A system where clients receive tokens as reinforcement for specified behaviors.

Ethnicity

shared cultural characteristics (language, religion, culture, place of origin)

Race

physical characteristics (skin color)

Cultural Identity

the identity of a group or culture of an individual who is influenced by their self-identification with that group or culture

Unexamined identity

no awareness or real curiosity

Search for a cultural, racial, & ethnic identity

Achievement of identity

Pre-encounter

not consciously aware of culture/race/ethnicity & how it affects life

Encounter

has an encounter that provokes thought about the role of cultural, racial, & ethnic identification (may be positive or negative)

Immersion-Emersion

after encounter forces client to confront identity, a period of exploration follows; search for info & learn through interaction with others from same groups

Internalization & Commitment

client has developed secure sense of identity & is comfortable socializing both within and outside their group

Personality Theories

Biological: genetics are responsible for personality; Behavioral: personality is a result of interaction between individual & environment; Psychodynamic: influence of unconscious & childhood experiences; Humanist: importance of free will & individual experience; self-actualization: innate need for personal growth that motivates behavior; Trait: personality is made up of a number of broad traits

Self-Esteem

Childhood: high self-esteem in young children; as they develop cognitively, they get a more accurate self-evaluation based on social comparison/external feedback; Adolescence: continues to decline (body image, puberty, etc.); Adulthood: increases gradually through adulthood; peaks in late 60s; Older Adulthood: declines; begins to drop around 70

Parenting Styles

Authoritative - strict and warm; Authoritarian - strict and cold; Permissive - undemanding, supportive; Uninvolved - undemanding, unsupportive

Family Life Cycle

Family of Origin Experience, Leaving Home, Pre-marriage Stage, Childless Couple Stage, Family with Young Children, Family with Adolescents, Launching Children, Later Family Life

Adolescence

Early: thoughts mostly limited to present rather than future; deeper moral thinking; moodiness; increased desire for privacy & independence; tendency to return to childish behavior when stressed; Middle: increased capacity for setting goals & thinking about the meaning of life; continued adjustment to changing bodies & worry about being "normal"; continued drive for independence; Late: increased concern for future; ability to delay gratification; development of serious relationships; increased focus on cultural & ethnic identity

Defense Mechanisms

Compensation: enables one to make up for real or fancied deficiencies (i.e. short man assumes cocky, overbearing manner); Conversion: repressed urge is expressed disguised as a disturbance of body function; Decompensation: deterioration of existing defenses; Devaluation: often with BPD; person attributes exaggerated negative qualities to self or another; Intellectualization: person avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts & logic; emotional aspects completely ignored as being irrelevant; Reaction Formation: person adopts affect, ideas, attitudes, or behaviors that are opposites of those they harbor; Sublimation: potentially maladaptive feelings or behaviors are diverted into socially acceptable, adaptive channels (i.e. person with angry feelings channels them into athletics); Substitution: unattainable or unacceptable goal, emotion, or object is replaced by one more attainable/acceptable; Undoing: person uses words or actions to symbolically reverse/negate unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions (i.e. person compulsively washing hands to deal with obsessive thoughts)

Stages of Treatment for Substance Abuse

Stabilization, Rehabilitation/Habilitation, Maintenance

Systems Theory

Views human behavior through larger contexts, such as members of families, communities, and broader society; when one thing changes in a system, the whole system is affected; Systems tend towards equilibrium; Must understand interactions between micro, mezzo, & macro; Problems at one part of a system may be manifested in another; Ecomaps/genograms; Importance of understanding PIE (person-in-environment); Closed System: uses up its energy and dies; Open System: system with cross-boundary exchange; Differentiation: becoming specialized in structure and function; Entropy: closed, disorganized, stagnant; using up available energy; Negative Entropy: exchange of energy & resources between systems that promote growth and transfer; Equifinality: arriving at the same end from different beginnings; Input: obtaining resources from the environment that are necessary to attain the goals of the system; Output: a product of the system that exports to the environment; Throughput: energy that is integrated into the system so it can be used by the system to accomplish its goals; Subsystem: a major component of a system made up of 2 or more interdependent components that interact in order to attain their own purpose(s); Suprasystem: an entity that is served by a number of component systems organized in interacting relationships

Role Theories

Clients have multiple roles in their lives & each role carries its own expectations about appropriate behavior; role theory examines how these roles influence a wide array of psychological outcomes, including behavior, attitudes, cognitions, & social interaction

Role Ambiguity

lack of clarity of role

Role Complementarity

the role is carried out in an expected way (i.e. parent-child; SW-client)

Role Discomplementarity

the role expectations of others differ from one's own

Role Reversal

when two or more individuals switch roles

Role Conflict

incompatible or conflicting expectations

Stages of Group Development

Preaffiliation: development of trust (forming); Power & Control: struggles for individual autonomy & group identification (storming); Intimacy: utilizing self in service of the group (norming); Differentiation: acceptance of each other as distinct individuals (performing); Separation/Termination: independence (adjourning)

Groupthink

when a group makes faulty decisions because of group pressures; groups affected by groupthink tend to ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups

Group Polarization

occurs during group decision making when discussion strengthens a dominant point of view and results in a shift to a more extreme position than any of the members would adopt on their own

Person-In-Environment (PIE) Theory

Highlights the importance of understanding individual behavior in light of the environmental contexts in which a client lives and acts; Client-centered, not agency-centered; Examines social role functioning, the environment, mental health, & physical health

Crisis Intervention Stages

Assess lethality, Establish rapport, Identify problems, Deal with feelings, Explore alternatives, Develop an action plan, Follow-up

Cognitive Dissonance

arises when a person has to choose between 2 contradictory attitudes and beliefs; the most dissonance arises when 2 options are equally attractive

Echolalia

repeating noises & phrases; associated w/ Catatonia, Autism, & Schizophrenia

Metacommunication

the context within which to interpret the content of the message (i.e. nonverbal communication, body language, vocalization)

Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud; client is seen as the product of his past & treatment involves dealing with the repressed material in the unconscious

Three Levels of Awareness

Conscious: contains all info that a client is paying attention to at any given time; Preconscious: contains all info outside of a client's attention but readily available if needed- thoughts & feelings can be brought into consciousness easily; Unconscious: contains thoughts, feelings, desires, & memories of which clients have no awareness but that influence every aspect of their day-to-day lives

Three Personality Components

Id: a reservoir of instinctual energy that contains biological urges such as impulses towards survival, sex, & aggression; Ego: the component that manages the conflict between the id & the constraints of the real world; Superego: the moral component of personality; contains all the moral standards learned from parents & society

Freud's Psychosexual Development

Stage: Oral; Age: Birth to roughly 12 months; Sources of Pleasure: Activities involving the mouth, such as sucking, biting, & chewing; Result of Fixation: Excessive smoking, overeating, or dependence on others

Anal Stage

Age 2, when the child is being toilet trained; Sources of Pleasure: Bowel movements; Result of Fixation: An overly controlling (anal-retentive) personality or an easily angered (anal-expulsive) personality

Phallic Stage

Age 3-5; Sources of Pleasure: Genitals; Result of Fixation: Guilt or anxiety about sex

Latency Stage

Age 5 to puberty; Sources of Pleasure: Sexuality is latent, or dormant, during this period; Result of Fixation: No fixations at this stage

Genital Stage

Begins at puberty; Sources of Pleasure: The genitals; Result of Fixation: No fixations at this stage

Individual Psychology

Alfred Adler; Main motivations for human behavior are not sexual or aggressive urges, but striving for perfection; children naturally feel weak and inadequate in comparison to adults- this feeling of inferiority drives them to adapt, develop skills, & master challenges

Self-Psychology

Defines the self as the central organizing and motivating force in personality; As a result of receiving empathic responses from early caretakers (self-objects), child's needs are met & child develops strong sense of selfhood

Ego Psychology

Focuses on the rational, conscious processes of the ego; Based on the assessment of a client as presented in the present (here & now); Treatment focuses on the ego functioning of a client

Object Relations Theory

Margaret Mahler; Lifelong relationship skills are strongly rooted in early attachments with parents

Indicators of Abuse

Sexual Abuse: Extreme changes in behavior- regression, fears & anxieties, withdrawal, sleep disturbances, recurrent nightmares; Psychological Abuse/Neglect: Avoid eye contact & experience deep loneliness, anxiety, or despair; Physical Abuse/Neglect: Unexplained bruises or welts, unexplained burns, unexplained fractures to skull, nose, or facial structure

Sexual Orientation & Gender Identity

Pansexual/Queer: people whose attractions span across many different gender identities (male, female, transgender, genderqueer, intersex, etc.); Gender Identity: usually conforms to anatomic sex in both heterosexual & homosexual individuals; however, individuals who identify as trans feel themselves to be of a different gender identity from their biological sex; Gender Fluidity: when gender expression shifts between masculine and feminine

3 Phases of Coming Out

Feeling Different, Confusion, Self-Acceptance

Biopsychosocial Assessment

Biological Section: medical history, developmental history, current medications, substance abuse history, & family history of medical illnesses; Psychological Section: client's present psychiatric illness or symptoms, history of current psychiatric illness or symptoms, past or current psychosocial stressors, & mental status; Social Section: client systems & unique client context

Mental Status Exam

Structured way of observing/describing client's current state of mind; necessary part of assessment; Includes: Appearance, Orientation (awareness of time/place, etc.), Speech pattern, Affect/mood, Impulsive/potential for harm, Judgment/insight, Thought processes/reality testing, Intellectual functioning/memory

Medical Terms

Comorbid: existing with or at the same time; Contraindicated: not recommended or safe to use; Endogenous Depression: depression caused by a biochemical imbalance rather than a psychosocial stressor or external factors; Exogenous Depression: depression caused by external events or psychosocial stressors; Hypomanic: elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that is less severe than full-blown manic symptoms; Postmorbid: subsequent to the onset of an illness; Premorbid: prior to the onset of an illness; Psychotic: experiencing delusions or hallucinations

Signs of Drug Use

Marijuana: glassy, red eyes; loud talking; inappropriate laughter followed by sleepiness; loss of interest, motivation; weight gain or loss; Cocaine: dilated pupils; hyperactivity; euphoria; irritability; anxiety; excessive talking followed by depression or excessive sleeping at odd times; may go long periods of time without eating or sleeping; weight loss; dry mouth and nose; Heroin: contracted pupils; no response of pupils to light; needle marks; sleeping at unusual times; sweating; vomiting; coughing, sniffling; twitching; loss of appetite

Organic Brain Syndrome

Term used to describe physical disorders that impair mental function; Most common symptoms: confusion, impairment of memory, judgment, intellectual function, agitation; Caused by alcoholism, Alzheimer's, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Parkinson's, stroke, etc.