Unit 8: Motivation & Emotion, States of Consciousness

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

physiological need

a basic bodily requirement

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

arousal thoery

focuses on finding the right level of stimulation

abraham maslow's heirarchy of needs

focuses on the proority of some needs over others

instinct thoery

focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors

incentives

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

self-determination theory

the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu

"a person is a person through other persons"

achievment motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

obesity

BMI of 30 or higher

overweight

BMI of 25 or higher

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

James; Lange

Emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Cannon; Bard

Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience

Schachter; Singer

two-factor theory: our experience of emotion depends on general arousal and conscious cognitive label

Zajonc; LeDoux

some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal

Lazarus

Cognitive appraisal ("Is it dangerous or not?")- sometimes without our awareness- defines emotion

polygraph

An instrument for recording changes in several bodily functions (such as blood pressure and rate of breathing) at the same time; lie detector.

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

consciousness

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

blindsight

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously;

sequential processing

processing one aspect of a problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems

sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

circadian rhythym

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

hypnagogic sensations

bizarre experiences, such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly, while transitioning to sleep

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

substance use disorder

disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

addiction

compulsive drug craving and use

withdrawl

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

barbiturates

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Opiods

opium and its derivatives; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

stimulants

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

REM sleep behavior disorder

A sleep disorder in which the sleeper acts out his or her dreams.

dream

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind.

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

relative deprivation

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

broaden-and-build theory

the proposition that positive emotions expand an individual's attention and mind-set

character strengths and virtues

a classification system to identify positive traits; organized into categories of wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

mindfulness meditation

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

gratitude

an appreciative emotin people often experience when they benefit from other's actions or recognize their own good fortune

ego syntonic

the individual perceives her behavior as correct, normal, or in harmony with her goals

ego dystonic

refers to troubling thoughts, feelings, beliefs, or behaviors that one experiences as alien or foreign, and would like to be rid of

CAGE

Cut back

Annoyed / angry

Guilt for missing events

Eye opener

Stage 1 sleep

-Light sleep

-The brain emits alpha waves--> consistent with a relaxed state of wakefulness

Hypnogogic sleep

Stage 2 sleep

sleep spindles - break from reality and learning happens

Stage 3 sleep

A sleep characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep.

Stage 4 sleep

the deepest stage of sleep, rest and repair - consolidation of memories

activation synthesis

Brain produces random bursts of energy - stimulating lodged memories. Dreams start random then develop meaning

Heroin

inhibitory, dopamine, it binds to opiate receptors, which can cause dopamine in the brain to be released

Ecstasy

serotonin, similar structure to serotonin which means it can easily bind to serotonin receptors increasing serotonin production in the body

Marijuana

inhibitory, dopamine, THC binds to a receptor called te cannabinoid which blocks dopamine inhibitors, this causes more dopamine to be selected

Meth

dopamine, causes the transporters to work in reverse, which can cause feelings of reward/pleasure. Helps stimulate neural activity

Alcohol

GABA, glutanate, interacts with GABA which makes it more inhibitory. Next, it interacts with glutamate stopping it from exciting the cell

Cocaine

dopamine, it helps block receptors that results in the cell getting overstimulated. It mainly focuses on controlling voluntary movements and excitin gthose responses

LSD

serotonin, LSD can inhibit and excite receptors, which causes a feeling of "color" it also excites parts of the brain that control wakefulness such as the hypothalamus and SCN.

SCN

s a small group of brain cells in the hypothalamus that serves as the body's master circadian clock