CHAPTER 19 APUSH

Chicago school

-refers to a groundbreaking architectural movement (late 19th/early 20th century) emphasizing functional, steel-framed skyscrapers that expressed their structure

mutual aid society

-a community-based fraternal club, typically formed by specific ethnic immigrant groups (like Irish, Italian, German) in U.S. cities during the late 19th/early 20th centuries, that collected dues to provide essential support (funeral costs, disability, sickness) for members, functioning as a vital self-help network outside formal government or big business, promoting solidarity against urban hardships and discrimination.

race riot

-a violent public conflict between racial groups, typically white mobs attacking Black communities, often triggered by rumors, political tensions, or job/housing competition, famously seen during the 1919 "Red Summer" and 1940s "Zoot Suit Riots" (though Zoot Suit involved Mexican Americans, illustrating broader racial conflict), highlighting deep-seated racial inequality and the challenges of the Great Migration and post-WWI/WWII societal shifts.

tenement

- overcrowded, poorly built, multi-family urban apartment buildings, especially common in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, housing poor immigrants and the working class, characterized by poor sanitation, lack of light/air, and disease, prompting reforms like the Tenement House Act of 1901 and highlighting urban poverty issues. Key examples include the infamous "dumbbell tenements," designed to fit more units but often worsening conditions.

vaudeville

-a popular American variety show (1880s-1930s) featuring unrelated acts (singers, dancers, comics, animals) that became a huge cultural force, reflecting urban diversity, entertaining new immigrant audiences, and laying groundwork for radio/TV by bringing diverse entertainment to city masses.

ragtime

-a syncopated, rhythmic musical genre, popular from the 1890s-1920s, developed by African American musicians, featuring "ragged" or off-beat melodies with a steady left-hand beat, often on piano, that sparked a national urban dance craze and paved the way for jazz, with key figures like Scott Joplin.

blues

-a foundational African American musical genre from the Deep South (Mississippi Delta) that emerged from Black workers' experiences, expressing hardship, resilience, love, and injustice through specific chord structures (like 12-bar) and soulful lyrics, becoming a bedrock for jazz and rock music, and a cultural touchstone during the Progressive Era/Harlem Renaissance.

yellow journalism

-a late 19th-century newspaper style using sensationalism, exaggeration, and emotional appeals (like big headlines, fake stories) to attract readers and boost sales, notably during the circulation war between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal, significantly influencing public opinion, especially pushing for the Spanish-American War.

muckrakers

-progressive-era journalists (early 20th century) who used investigative reporting in popular magazines to expose corruption, corporate greed, and social injustices (like poor labor conditions, urban poverty) to the public, aiming to spark reform and public outrage.

political machine

-a powerful urban party organization, prominent during the Gilded Age (late 19th/early 20th centuries), that controlled local politics through patronage, bribery, and providing essential services (jobs, housing) to immigrants and the poor in exchange for votes, led by a "boss" like Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall, despite being riddled with corruption and fraud.

National Municipal League

-a Progressive Era reform organization uniting civic leaders (like Teddy Roosevelt) to combat corruption, inefficiency, and political machines in city governments by promoting professional city managers, small councils, nonpartisan elections, and municipal reforms for better urban management and services, reflecting broader calls for efficient, honest government.

progressivism

-a broad reform movement (c. 1890s-1920s) addressing problems from industrialization like corruption, inequality, and corporate power, advocating for government intervention (local, state, federal) to use science, experts, and democracy (muckrakers, suffrage, direct primaries) to create social justice, efficiency, and a fairer society, leading to amendments (income tax, direct senators, prohibition, women's vote) and regulations.

"City Beautiful" movement

-an urban planning philosophy in the U.S. that aimed to beautify chaotic industrial cities with grand, neoclassical architecture, monumental civic centers, parks, and wide boulevards, inspired by the 1893 Chicago World's Fair (Columbian Exposition). Led by figures like Daniel Burnham, it sought to instill civic pride, morality, and social order in rapidly growing, overcrowded cities, reflecting broader Progressive Era ideals.

social settlement

-a community center in poor urban areas, pioneered by reformers like Jane Addams (Hull House), where middle-class volunteers lived to provide education, healthcare, childcare, and social services to immigrants and the poor, bridging class divides and advocating for social reform like labor laws and women's suffrage during the Progressive Era.

Hull House

-a pioneering settlement house in Chicago, founded by Jane Addams in 1889, serving immigrants and the poor with education (English, skills), childcare, and cultural programs, becoming a model for the Progressive Era's settlement movement, and advocating for labor rights, public health, and women's suffrage, linking social reform with legal change.

Pure Food and Drug Act

-a federal law that banned mislabeled or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce, requiring "truth in labeling" and paving the way for the FDA to protect consumers from dangerous ingredients, spurred by muckrakers like Upton Sinclair.

National Consumers' LeagueAct.

-a key progressive-era reform group, co-founded by Florence Kelley, advocating for fair labor practices (like minimum wage, shorter hours) and safe products, aiming to protect working women and children from exploitation by promoting ethical production and consumption, influencing laws like the Pure Food and Drug

Women's Trade Union League

-a key Progressive Era organization uniting working-class women and middle/upper-class "allies" (like Jane Addams & Eleanor Roosevelt) to advocate for women's labor rights, lobbying for protective laws (like 8-hour days, minimum wages) and supporting strikes, helping women organize into unions despite limited AFL support, and improving overall

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

-a NYC tragedy where 146 garment workers, mostly young immigrant women, died due to locked doors, poor fire escapes, and unsafe conditions, becoming a pivotal event in the Progressive Era that galvanized labor reform, led to stricter workplace safety laws (like those from the Factory Investigating Commission), strengthened the ILGWU, and highlighted the plight of industrial workers, as noted by figures like Frances Perkins.

Scott Joplin

-defined as the "King of Ragtime," a Black composer and pianist who popularized the syncopated musical style with hits like "Maple Leaf Rag" (1899) and "The Entertainer," showcasing African American musical innovation, challenging racial barriers in high art (opera like Treemonisha), and reflecting America's changing urban culture and entertainment industry at the turn of the 20th century.

Tom Johnson

-Progressive Era reformer and mayor of Cleveland (1901-1909), known for championing public ownership of utilities (like streetcars), fair taxation to burden monopolies, and improving city services (parks, sanitation) for average citizens, making him a key figure in municipal reform against political machines.

Jacob Riis

-Danish-American photojournalist and reformer who exposed the horrific living conditions in New York City slums with his book How the Other Half Lives (1890), using groundbreaking flash photography to reveal tenement squalor, fueling Progressive Era reforms like housing laws and social welfare, and influencing public opinion against urban poverty and for immigrant rights.

Jane Addams

-a pioneering social reformer, founder of Chicago's Hull House (the first U.S. settlement house), and key figure in the Progressive Era, advocating for immigrants, women (suffrage), and the poor by providing social services, fighting child labor, and promoting peace, earning her the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

Margaret Sanger

-pioneering nurse and activist who led the early 20th-century Birth Control Movement, founding the American Birth Control League (later Planned Parenthood) to provide contraception and sex education, challenging Comstock Laws, and promoting women's reproductive autonomy, aligning with Progressive Era goals for social reform, though her association with eugenics remains a controversial part of her legacy.

Upton Sinclair

-a key muckraking journalist and socialist reformer famous for his 1906 novel The Jungle, which exposed horrific conditions in the Chicago meatpacking industry, leading to the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act (1906) and fueling Progressive Era demands for government intervention in public health and worker safety. He aimed to promote socialism but unintentionally shocked the public into demanding consumer protection laws.

Florence Kelley

-a key Progressive Era reformer, Hull House resident, and first General Secretary of the National Consumers League (NCL) who fought for labor rights, especially for women and children, leading to landmark laws against child labor and for shorter workdays, and advocating for women's suffrage and fair wages through consumer activism and political lobbying.