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What was the Columbian Exchange?
The transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Old World and the New World after Columbus's voyage in 1492.
What were some key crops that Europe gained from the Columbian Exchange?
Europe gained potatoes, corn, tomatoes, tobacco, and cocoa, which contributed to population growth.
What devastating effect did European diseases have on Native Americans during the Columbian Exchange?
Diseases like smallpox, measles, and influenza killed up to 90% of Native Americans due to their lack of immunity.
What was the Encomienda System?
A Spanish labor system where colonists were granted land and Native Americans to work for them, intended to protect and Christianize them but led to slavery.
What were the effects of the Encomienda System?
It led to brutal treatment and death of many Native Americans and was eventually replaced by African slavery.
How did Spain's relationship with Native Americans differ from that of France and England?
Spain enslaved and converted Native Americans; France established trade partnerships and intermarried; England took land, leading to conflicts.
What are the 3 Gs that motivated European exploration?
Gold (wealth), Glory (fame), and God (spreading Christianity).
Who was the first to circumnavigate the globe?
Ferdinand Magellan from Spain.
What was the Virginia House of Burgesses?
The first representative government in the American colonies, allowing colonists to make laws.
What characterizes the New England colonies?
Rocky soil, cold winters, shipbuilding and fishing economy, strict Puritan society.
What was Bacon's Rebellion?
A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley in Virginia, where poor farmers sought protection from Native attacks.
What was the Middle Passage?
The brutal journey enslaved Africans took from Africa to the Americas as part of the Atlantic Slave Trade.
What was the outcome of the French and Indian War?
Britain won but accrued massive debt, leading to taxation of the colonies and the American Revolution.
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
An order by Abraham Lincoln that freed enslaved people in Confederate states during the Civil War.
What did the Dred Scott Decision state?
That slaves were not citizens and Congress couldn’t ban slavery, angering the North and contributing to the Civil War.
What was mandated by the Compromise of 1850?
California became a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act was enacted, and popular sovereignty was established in new territories.
What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention?
The first women's rights convention led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, which produced the Declaration of Sentiments.
What is Manifest Destiny?
The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand westward to the Pacific, leading to conflicts with Mexico and Native Americans.
What was the outcome of the War of 1812?
It increased nationalism and ended British influence in the U.S.
What did the Missouri Compromise establish?
Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and banned slavery in territories north of 36°30' latitude.
What did the Federalist Papers advocate for?
Support for the Constitution and a strong federal government.
What was the Louisiana Purchase?
The acquisition of land from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving control of the Mississippi River.
What was the Great Compromise?
An agreement at the Constitutional Convention to create a bicameral legislature combining the Virginia and New Jersey Plans.
