Biology Final Exam

The host range of a virus is determined by?

The proteins on its surface and that of the host

Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle?

A large number of phages are released at a time

Which viruses have single-stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis?

Retroviruses

Which of the three types of viruses shown above would you expect to include a capsid(s)?

All three

A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be?

3' AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5'

When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result?

The gene involved is on the X chromosome

Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because?

Males are hemizygous for the X chromosome

Cinnabar eyes is a sex-linked recessive characteristic in fruit flies. If a female having cinnabar eyes is crossed with a wild-type male, what percentage of the F1 males will have cinnabar eyes?

100%

Which of the following statements is true of linkage?

The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that a crossover will occur between them

The following is a map of four genes on a chromosome. Between which two genes would you expect the lowest frequency recombination?

W and E (furthest away from each other)

The human X and Y chromosomes...

Include genes that determine and individual's sex

Which of the following statements regarding a DNA double helix is true?

The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine

In his transformation experiments, what did Griffith observe?

Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form

How do we describe transformation in bacteria?

Assimilation of external DNA into a cell

In trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material, Hershey and Chase made use of which of the following facts?

DNA contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not

It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in which of the following?

Sequence of bases

In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following will be found?

A + C = G + T

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is...

3' UCA 5'

A transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that...

Many noncoding stretches of nucleotides are present in mRNA

A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is...

UUU

A frameshift mutation could result from...

Either an insertion or deletion of a base

The tRNA shown in the figure has its 3' end projecting beyond its 5' end. What will occur at this 3' end?

The amino acid binds covalently

In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until...

Several transcription factors have bound to the promotor.

Which component is not directly involved in translation?

DNA

A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5' CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA). The following charged transfer RNA molecules (with their anticodons shown in the 3' to 5' direction) are available. Two of them can correctly match the mRNA so that a dipeptide can form. The dipeptide that will form will be...

Proline-threonine

The role of a metabolite that controls a repressible operon is to...

Bind to the repressor protein and activate it

Which of the following s a protein produced by a regulatory gene?

Repressor

Alternative RNA splicing...

Can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA

A mutation that inactivates the regulatory gene of a repressible operon in an E. Coli cell would result in...

Continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator

The lactose operon is likely to be transcribed when...

The cyclic AMP and lactose levels are both high within the cell

For a repressible operon to be transcribed, which of the following must occur?

RNA polymerase must bind to the promoter, and the repressor must be inactive

Allolactose, an isomer of lactose, is formed in small amounts from lactose. An E. coli cell is presented for the first time with the sugar lactose (containing allolactose) as a potential food source. Which of the following occurs when the lactose enters the cell?

Allolactose binds to the repressor protein

A ___________ is a master control gene that regulates groups of other genes that determine the anatomy of parts of the body, such as which body parts will develop where in a fly.

homeotic gene

As a zygote develops into a multicellular organism, individual cells must undergo _________, becoming specialized in structure and function.

differentiation

Why do RNA viruses appear to have higher rates of mutation?

Replication of the genomes does not involve proofreading

In the figure below, when new viruses are being assembled (IV), what mediates the assembly?

Nothing; the self-assemble

Emerging viruses arise by...

Mutation of existing viruses, the spread of existing viruses to new host species, and the spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species.

To cause a human pandemic, the H5N1 bird flu virus would have to...

Become capable of human-to-human transmission

Which of the following statements describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda (λ) phage?

The phage genome replicates along with the host genome

Uranium is a metallic element that is used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. The vast majority of uranium found on Earth is in the form of uranium-238, an isotope with a mass number of 238, while the uranium that is used for nuclear reactors and weapons is uranium-235, an isotope with a mass number of 235. What is the atomic difference between uranium-235 and uranium-238?

Uranium-235 has three fewer neutrons than uranium-238.

You've been experiencing acid indigestion lately, and you'd like a quick fix for the problem. You do a little research on the Internet and discover that your problem is caused by excess stomach acid. In the pharmacy aisles, however, you're having a little trouble deciding what to purchase to address the problem. At the pharmacy counter, the clerk recommends that you purchase two different kinds of tablets: Antacid A and Antacid B. If you could check the pH of the recommended tablets, you would expect it to be

Higher than 7

Below is a figure from an experiment that was performed to measure the effect of carbonate ion (CO32-) concentration on the calcification (growth) rate of coral reefs. At which point on the graph is the ocean pH the lowest?

A

Which level in the hierarchy shown is a community?

Level C

The teeth of grain-eating animals (such as horses) are usually broad and ridged. This makes the teeth suitable for grinding and chewing. Meat-eating animals (such as lions) have pointed teeth that are good for puncturing and ripping flesh. This illustrates…

A result of natural selection, which connects form and function

Which organism belongs to the group represented in box 1?

Tree

The electron arrangement for argon, which has 18 electrons, is ___.

2 in the inner energy shell, 8 in the second energy shell and 8 in the outer energy shell

In a dehydration reaction, ________. In order for this to occur water is ________.

Monomers are joined to become a polymer; removed

A solution has a pH of 10.5. This means that it has an excess of ________ ions and would be called a(n)

OH-; base

The reactivity of an atom depends on ___.

The number of valence electrons

Which of the following best describes the structure of how water molecules form and interact?

The oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms form a covalent bond with one another to create stable outer shells of electrons. The electrons are shared unequally resulting in a polar molecule whose slight charges form weak hydrogen bond attractions with other water molecules

In an ecosystem, energy…

Typically flows from producers to a series of consumers

Members of the kingdom Animalia A…

Can obtain their food by eating other organisms.

Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which sequence correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive?

Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

A hypothesis is…

A proposed explanation for a set of observations

The role of a control in an experiment is to…

Provide a basis of comparison to the experimental group.

Red pandas have many beneficial adaptations such as their color and a bushy tail. How did these adaptations come to be?

Over evolutionary time, pandas with the best adaptations were more likely to survive and produce offspring

Researchers set up a study to determine whether large doses of a nutritional supplement would shorten the length of time it takes to recover from a cold. Three thousand volunteers were split into two groups. For two weeks, members of group A took 3,000 mg of the supplement daily. Group B received 3,000 mg of a placebo (sugar pill). At the end of the two-week period, the researchers inserted live cold viruses directly into the noses of all the volunteers. The volunteers in both group A and group B continued to take their daily pills. All the volunteers got colds, and there was no significant difference in the length of time the colds lasted. Which was the experimental group?

Group A only

Which of the following lists the terms from simplest to most complex?

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

The process of ________ transforms solar energy into chemical energy.

Photosynthesis

After spending an hour working outside in the hot, sunny weather, a person typically perspires and will need to drink water. This is part of…

Maintaining homeostasis

All single-celled organisms including archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes.

False, because some eukaryotes, including protista, are single-celled

Based on the evolutionary tree of the three domains, which of the following is true?

All three domains have a common ancestor.

Which of the following correctly lists the classification categories from least to most inclusive?

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Natural selection is a process where organisms that are better suited to a certain set of environmental conditions tend to survive and reproduce more often than others. This leads to evolution as…

Organisms with those traits appear more often in the population.

Refer to the figure below. How many different kingdoms are represented in this figure?

3

Which of the following is not one of the most common elements in living things?

Iron

Which answer choice lists the steps of the scientific method in the correct order?

Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, scientific theory

Isotopes of an element differ in their…

Neutron number

Glucose, C6H12O6, is best described as a(n)…

Compound

Which of the following would be an example of the value of water's heat capacity?

Living organisms are better able to maintain their internal body temperature because the temperature of their environment changes very slowly.

The term to describe any substance, which can prevent the pH of a solution from changing by either releasing or absorbing H+ in a solution is…

Buffer

Baking soda is sometimes used as an antacid. The chemical name for baking soda is Sodium Bicarbonate. What is the bicarbonate doing to help with stomach upset?

It is serving as a buffer to take up excess H+ ion from stomach acid.

An element has an atomic number of 78. The number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom of the element are…

78 protons and 78 electrons

All atoms of the same element have the same…

Atomic number

In the reaction 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide is one of the

Reactants

Some insects can stride on the surface of water because water…

Has surface tension

The pH of pure water is ________ because ________.

7\.0; water dissociates an equal number of H+ ions and OH

Which of these is a property of isotopes that make it useful in cell biology?

They behave the same chemically

Which of the following is not a property of water that results from hydrogen bonding?

Ice melts at -100°C.

Which H+ has just passed through the inner mitochondrial membrane by facilitated diffusion?

Hydrogen Ion D

Most of a cell’s enzymes are…

Proteins

In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid heads…

Are hydrophilic and face outward toward the aqueous solution

on both sides of the membrane.

Aquaporins…

Allow water to cross the plasma membrane via facilitated

diffusion

Kinetic energy differs from chemical energy in that…

Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, whereas

chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules

You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. You conclude correctly that the cells…

Are plant cells

Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely…

Result in cell death

Which metabolic pathway is common to aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

Glycolysis

In fermentation, ________ is ________.

NADH; oxidized

When a cell uses chemical energy to perform work, it uses the energy released from a(n) ________ reaction to drive a(n) ________ reaction.

exergonic; endergonic

Which step of the citric acid cycle requires both NAD+ and ADP as reactants?

Step 3

Contractile vacuoles…

Prevent cells from bursting as a result of the influx of

excess water

The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of these compounds except…

Pyruvate

During cellular respiration, NADH…

Delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier

molecule

If three molecules of glucose went through glycolysis and into the citric acid cycle, how many times would the pyruvate oxidation occur?

Six

A scanning electron microscope is used to study ________, whereas a transmission electron microscope is used to study ________.

Cell surfaces; internal cell structures

Which part of the mitochondrion shown enhances its ability to produce ATP by increasing the surface area of a mitochondrial membrane?

Structure D

Which organism can make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide?

Wheat

Which of the following is an **incorrect** match of process to location?

Pyruvate oxidation - cristae of mitochondria

A group of single-cell organisms collected from the ocean was brought into the lab for examination. The lab assistant was concerned that the water had become full of toxic waste products and so added clean water to the culture. All of the organisms died, and when she looked at them under the microscope, all she could see were bits and pieces of them scattered throughout the water. What likely happened?

She added water that was hypotonic to the culture of

organisms, and they ruptured