Skeletal

About the skeletal system

Axial

forms longitudinal axis (skull, vertebral column, ribs, & sternum)

Apendicular

limbs, shoulders, and pelvic girdles

Long Bones

longer than wide, shaft with heads at each end, mostly compact bone tissue ex: arms and legs

Short Bones

cube shaped, mostly spongy bone tissue ex: wrists and ankles

Flat bones

are thin and flat, usually curved ex: skull, ribs, and sternum

Irregular bones

vary in shape and structure so therefore does not fit in any other category; often has complex shape to protect internal organs ex: vertebrae and hips and hyoid

Ligaments

attaches bone to bone

Hyoid

located in neck region in front of larynx; serves as base for tongue and an attachment for neck muscles used to raise and lower larynx when speaking and swallowing

Cartilage

a strong, avascular, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones

Bones

made up of very hard tissue; provides support, protection, storage, and movement

Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation occuring in marrow of certain bones

Compact bones

dense, smooth, homogeneous

Spongy Bone

small needle-like pieces with lots of space in between

Diaphysis

the main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone

Epiphysis

end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from shaft

Epiphyseal plates

hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis of long bones

Periosteum

outside covering of diaphysis, fibrous connective tissue membrane, serves as an attachment for muscle

Bone Remodeling

adjusting the architecture to meet the changing needs of the body

Medullary Cavity

cavity of the shaft; contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults; contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants/kids

Fontanels

The space where two sutures join forming a membrane covered “soft-spot”; allows for growth of brain and skull during infant’s first year

Osteocytes

derived from osteoblasts; regulate the formation of new bone and the resorption of old bone (dictating bone remodeling and repair)

Osteoblasts

cells that form bone tissue

Osteoclasts

dissolve old and damaged bone tissue so it can be replaced with new, healthier cells created by osteoblasts

Osteoporosis

a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the quality or structure of bone changes; brittle bones

Arthritis

the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints

JOINTS

two or more bones meet for movement

Joint- Synarthroses

Immobile joints ex: suture joints of skull

Joint- Amphiarthroses

A slightly movable joint

Joint- Diarthroses

A freely mobile joint

Joint- Fibrous

a fixed joint where collagenous fibrous connective tissue unites two bones

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

freely mobile; functions to prevent friction between the articulating bones involved in body movements

Synovial- Saddle Joint

allows movements on two planes–flexion or extension and abduction(away from body trunk) or adduction (towards body trunk); can move up down and side to side Ex: thumb, shoulder, ear

Synovial- Hinge Joint

allows flexion and extension in one plane ex: knees, elbows, and ankle

Synovial- Ball and Socket Joint

helps in rotational or circular movements, as one bone is captivated into the hollow space of another bone Ex: hips and shoulders

Synovial- Gliding/Planar Joints

allow the bones to glide past one other in any direction along the joint plane Ex: carpal joints in wrist

Synovial- Condyloid Joint

modified ball and socket joint that allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements; permits movement without rotation Ex: jaw or finger joints

Synovial- Pivot Joint

permits movement of the bones in one plane, such as rotation around a single axis Ex: allows for rotation of palm

FRACTURES

a break or crack in the bone

Stable fracture

The broken ends of the bone line up and are barely out of place.

Open(compound) fracture

The skin may be pierced by the bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at the time of the fracture. The bone may or may not be visible in the wound.

Transverse fracture

This type of fracture has a horizontal fracture line.

Oblique fracture

This type of fracture has an angled pattern.

Comminuted fracture

In this type of fracture, the bone shatters into three or more pieces.

Only bone that does not articulate with any other bone

Hyoid Bone

Atlas

C1

Axis

C2

Pubic Symphysis

area where the 2 sides of the pelvis are held together