Untitled Flashcards Set

State

single goverment, defined borders, and a permanent population.

Nation

Homogenous trait like lang or relgion

Nation-State

1 goverment and homogenous population sharing culture and identity.

Multinational State

A state that includes more than one nation within its borders.

Stateless Nation

nation w/o own country or territory

Sovereignty

The authority of a state to govern itself without external interference.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's nation.

Supranationalism

When multiple countries work together for shared goals.

Enclave

A territory completely surrounded by another country.

Exclave

A part of a country separated from the main part by another country..

Antecedent Boundary

Established before the cultural landscape developed.

Subsequent Boundary

A boundary that develops with cultural changes over time.

Superimposed Boundary

Imposed by external powers without regard to existing cultural patterns.

Relic Boundary

No longer functional but still visible on the landscape.

Gerrymandering

Manipulating voting district boundaries for political gain.

Unitary State

A state governed as a single entity with centralized decision-making authority.

Federal State

A state where power is divided between a central government and smaller units (states, provinces)

Devolution

Giving more power from the central government to local governments

Concentric Zone Model

Describes urban land use in concentric rings emanating from the central business district (CBD).

Sector Model

Proposes that cities develop in sectors or wedges along transportation routes.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Suggests that cities have multiple centers (nuclei) that serve as focal points for different activities.

Primate City

The largest city in a country, disproportionately larger than any others.

Rank-Size Rule

The nth largest city is 1/n the size of the largest city.

Megacity

A city with a population over 10 million.

World City

A city that plays a central role in global finance, trade, and culture.

Gateway City

Serves as an entry point to a country or region.

Entrepôt

A port city where goods are imported, stored, and transshipped.

Fall-Line City

Located at the point where a river transitions from navigable to non-navigable.

Colonial City

Established by colonizing powers, often with distinct urban layouts.

Urban Sprawl

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.

Gentrification

The process of renovating deteriorated urban neighborhoods by means of the influx of more affluent residents.

Food Deserts

Areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious food.

Traffic Congestion

Overcrowding of roadways leading to slower speeds and longer trip times.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process.

Contagious Diffusion

Rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

Hierarchical Diffusion

Spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority to other persons or places.

Stimulus Diffusion

Spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Total value of goods and services produced within a country.

Gross National Income (GNI)

GDP plus net income from abroad.

GDP per capita

GDP divided by the total population.

GNI per capita

GNI divided by the total population.

Human Development Index (HDI)

Composite index measuring average achievement in key dimensions of human development: health, education, and standard of living.

Gini Coefficient

Measures income inequality within a population, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality).

Latitude

The geographical coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the Earth's surface.

Longitude

The geographical coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Layers map data to show spatial patterns.

Thematic Maps

Maps that show a theme, like choropleth, dot, isoline, or cartogram.

Population Pyramids

Graphs showing age and sex structure of a population.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

5 stages of population change concerning birth and death rates.

Epidemiological Transition Model

Matches DTM stages with common diseases.

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

Patterns of migration including short-distance, rural-to-urban, and step migration.

Zelinsky’s Migration Transition

Migration types change with the DTM stage.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population growth will outpace food production, now considered incorrect due to technological advances.

Boserup’s Theory

Opposes Malthus; suggests that food production increases with population.

S-Curve of Innovation

Describes how quickly ideas/products are adopted through a slow start, rapid growth, and eventual plateau.

Language Tree

A diagram that shows the relationships among language families, such as Indo-European.

Acculturation

The process of cultural change that results from the meeting of two or more cultures.

Assimilation

The process whereby a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture.

Syncretism

The blending of two or more cultural influences.

Organic Theory

Ratzel's concept that states must grow to survive, like living organisms.

Heartland Theory

Mackinder's theory that control of Eastern Europe leads to global control.

Rimland Theory

Spykman's theory that power lies in controlling coastal Eurasia.

Domino Theory

The idea that if one country falls to communism, neighboring countries will follow.

Core-Periphery Model

A model that describes the relationship between wealthy core areas and poorer peripheral areas.

Von Thünen Model

Explains agricultural land use in concentric rings around a market.

Rostow’s Stages of Growth

A 5-stage model of economic development.

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

A theoretical framework that categorizes countries into core, semi-periphery, and periphery.

Dependency Theory

The theory that former colonies rely economically on core countries.

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

The idea that industries locate based on transport costs, labor, and agglomeration benefits.

Central Place Theory

Christaller's theory explaining the spatial hierarchy of settlements.

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

Model of urban land use described by urban rings with wealth increasing outward.

Hoyt Sector Model

Proposes that urban growth occurs in sectors, often following transportation routes.

Harris & Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

Suggests that cities grow with multiple centers for different activities.

Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Growth

Five phases of urban growth based on transportation technology.

Zipf’s Rank-Size Rule

Describes that the nth city in a ranking is 1/n the population of the largest city.

Bid-Rent Theory

A principle that states land prices decrease with distance from the city center.

Gravity Model

A model that predicts that larger and closer places attract more interaction among them.