uths wh b review

list of grievances about the Catholic Church by Martin Luther

95 Theses

movement within the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation

Counter Reformation

Italian astronomer and physicist who confirmed the heliocentric mode

Galileo

15th Century invention by Johannes Gutenberg which used moveable type to print

Gutenberg Press

a system of values and beliefs that is based on the idea that people are basically good and that problems can be solved using reason instead of religion

Humanism

remission of part or all of the temporal and especially purgatorial punishment that according to Roman Catholicism is due for sins whose eternal punishment has been remitted and whose guilt has been pardoned (as through the sacrament of reconciliation)

Indulgence

English mathematician and physicist who developed calculus and three laws of motion

Isaac Newton

Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe

Nicolaus Copernicus

Split that occurred between the Roman Catholic Church which created Protestant religions in the 16th Century

Protestant Reformation

the period of European history between the 14th and 17th centuries when there was a new interest in science and in ancient art and literature especially in Italy

Renaissance

Irish chemists who worked with air and gas to develop the field of chemistry

Robert Boyle

a period of rapid advances in European scientific, mathematical, and political thought

Scientific Revolution

not spiritual : of or relating to the physical world and not the spiritual world

Secular

series of wars between German Protestants and Catholics between 1618 and 1648

Thirty Years War

flag that is used to represent a family of noble blood

Banner of Arms

ancient land bridge that connected the Americas to Asia

Beringia

point or extension of land jutting out into water as a peninsula or as a projecting point

Cape

something that is bought and sold

Commodity

a leader in the Spanish conquests of America, Mexico, and Peru in the 16th century

Conquistador

a contract binding one person to work for another for a given period of time —often used in plural

Indentured

man who is a member of a religious group called the Roman Catholic Society of Jesus

Jesuit

a serious disease that causes chills and fever and that is passed from one person to another by the bite of mosquitoes

Malaria

an economic system developing during the decay of feudalism to unify and increase the power and especially the monetary wealth of a nation by a strict governmental regulation of the entire national economy usually through policies designed to secure an accumulation of bullion, a favorable balance of trade, the development of agriculture and manufactures, and the establishment of foreign trading monopolies

Mercantilist

a large area of land especially in a hot part of the world where crops (such as cotton) are grown

Plantation

Maya sport similar to basketball

Pok-a-tok

Inca recorded keeping tool made of colored string

Quip

a chronic anemia that occurs in individuals (as those of African or Mediterranean descent) who are homozygous for the gene controlling hemoglobin S and that is characterized by destruction of red blood cells and by episodic blocking of blood vessels by the adherence of sickle cells to the vascular endothelium which causes the serious complications of the disease (as organ failure)

Sickle Cell Anemia

"protected person" a historical term referring to non-Muslim
citizens of an Islamic state

dhimmis

a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such
decoration as initials, borders and miniature illustrations

Illuminated manuscripts

a soldier of an elite corps of Turkish troops organized in the 14th century and abolished in 1826

Janissary

a per capita yearly tax historically levied by Islamic states on
certain non-Muslim subjects (dhimmis) permanently residing in
Muslim lands under Islamic law

jizya

any of various ships of Chinese waters with bluff lines, a
high poop and overhanging stem, little or no keel, high
pole masts, and a deep rudder

junk

a member of a Muslim group of people who try to
experience God directly especially by praying and
meditating; a Muslim mystic

Sufis

A king or ruler of a Muslim state or country.

sultan

the combination of different forms of belief or practice

syncretism

a political theory that absolute power should be vested in one or more rulers

Absolutism

A king or queen who hold total power over political and religious affairs

Absolute Monarchs

people (such as priests) who are the leaders of a religion and who perform religious services

Clergy

the period from 1649 onwards when England, later along with Ireland and Scotland, was ruled as a republic following the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I.

Commonwealth

was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars.

Continental System

a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean

Creole

a movement of the 18th century that stressed the belief that science and logic give people more knowledge and
understanding than tradition and religion

Enlightenment

a class system in France before the French Revolution

Estate

a policy that allows businesses to operate with very little interference from the government

Laissez-faire

a person who was loyal to the British during the American Revolution

Loyalists

a person of mixed European and American Indian ancestry

Mestizo

rights that all people are born with and cannot be taken away

Natural Rights

the group of people who are members of the highest social class in some countries

Nobility

the group of people who are responsible for making the
laws in some kinds of government

Parliament

a group of people who were loyal to the colonists during the American Revolution

Patriots

the lower class of people in some countries

Peasantry

a member of a school of political economists founded in
18th century France and characterized chiefly by a belief
that government policy should not interfere with the
operation of natural economic laws and that land is the

Physiocrat

a group of businesses that agree to fix prices so they all
will make more money

cartels

the attitude or actions of people who are influenced too strongly by the desire to earn money or buy goods rather
than by other values

commercialism

a way of organizing a society in which the government
owns the things that are used to make and transport
products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) and there
is no privately owned property

communism

a large business or organization that under the law has the
rights and duties of an individual and follows a specific
purpose

corporations

a person who starts a business and is willing to risk loss
in order to make money

entrepreneurs

an organization of workers formed to protect the rights and interests of its members

labor unions

the political, economic, and social theories of Karl Marx
including the belief that the struggle between social
classes is a major force in history and that there should
eventually be a society in which there are no classes

Marxism

an economic system developing during the decay of feudalism to unify and increase the power and especially
the monetary wealth of a nation by a strict governmental
regulation of the entire national economy usually through
policies designed to secure an accumulation of bullion, a
favorable balance of trade, the development of agriculture
and manufactures, and the establishment of foreign
trading monopolie

mercantilism

the laboring class; especially : the class of industrial workers who lack their own means of production and hence sell their labor to live

proletariat

a way of organizing a society in which major industries
are owned and controlled by the government rather than
by individual people and companies

Socialism

a large building that has apartments or rooms for rent and
that is usually in a poorer part of a city

tenements

an arrangement in which someone's property or money is
legally held or managed by someone else or by an
organization (such as a bank) for usually a set period of time

Trusts

A policy or practice by which a country increases it power by gaining control over other areas of the world

Imperialism

An imperialism practice in which an outside country rules with officials from inside their colony

Direct Rule

An imperialism practice in which local leaders are left in place and rule to the benefit of their mother country

Indirect Rule

A small country that is controlled by a larger one

Protectorate

A territorial area within the political influence or interests of one nation are held to be more or less paramount through trade agreements

Sphere of Influence

A native of India employed as a soldier by a foreign power

Sepoys

A person sent by a king or queen to rule solony in the past

Viceroys

A revolt by sepoys against British control in India which resulted in governing power being taken away from the East India Company and given to the Biritsh crown.

Sepoy Mutiny/Sepoy Rebellion

The time period of European Imperialism in Africa between 1881 and 1914

Scramble for Africa

Meeting held in 1884 between European nations to discuss how to divide Africa to avoid conflicts between European nations; no African representatives were present.

Berlin Conference

British attack on the Zulu nation in Africa

Zulu War

Canal over 100 miles (161 kilometers) long NE Egypt traversing Isthmus of Suez

Suez Canal

The agreement reached to end the Opium Wars that gave Great Britain Hong Kong

Treaty of Nanjing

Policy by the United States that opened Chinese ports to international countries

U.S. Open Door Policy

A rebellion that resulted in a civil war in China between 1850- 1864

Taiping Rebellion

An uprising by the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious fists to expel the country of foreign and Christian influences

Boxer Rebellion

An agreement in 1901 that provided the Qing Empire with foreign forces to suppress the Boxer Rebellion

Boxer Protocol

An agreement between the United States and Japanese that opened Japan's ports after a threat from the United States

Treaty of Kanagawa

Japanese time period in the late 1800's that restored imperial power in Japan and saw the country through industrialization

Meiji Restoration

War between Japan and China over control of Korea

Sino-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan over claims in Manchuria

Russo-Japanese War

Agreement reached at the end of the Ruso-Japanese War negotiated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt

Treaty Of Portsmouth

A statement of United States foreign policy expressing opposition to extension of European control or influence in the western hemisphere

Monroe Doctrine

Waterway in Latin America connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans

Panama Canal

A union between people, groups, countries, etc.; a relationship in which people agree to work together.

Alliance

A member of the political party that started to rule Russia in 1917 or a member of a similar political party.

Bolsheviks

A member of any of a number of autonomous communities drawn from various ethnic and linguistic groups (as Slavs, Tatars, and Circassians) that formed in Ukraine, southern Russia, the Caucasus Mountains, and Siberia after about 1400 and that were completely incorporated into czarist Russia during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Cossack

A policy or practice by which a country increases its power by gaining control over other areas of the world

Imperialism

A policy that allows businesses to operate with very little interference from the government.

Laissez faire

The opinions or actions of people who believe that a country should use military methods, forces, etc., to gain power and to achieve its goals.

Militaristic

A contest, dispute, competition, etc., in which neither side can gain an advantage or win.

Stalemate

The countries of Britain, Soviet Union, and United States in World War II.

Allied Powers

The countries of Italy, Germany, and Japan in World War II.

Axis Powers

the highest government official in Germany and Austria

Chancellor

a type of prison where large numbers of people who are not soldiers
are kept during a war and are usually forced to live in very bad
conditions

Concentration Camps

a part of a city in which members of a particular group or race live
usually in poor conditions

Ghettos