2nd 9 weeks

Adams’s “Midnight Appointments”

Adams’s “Midnight Appointments”

Adams lost Election of 1800 – Appointed “Federalist Judges”

before leaving office – Jefferson (Dem. Repub. taking office) – Led to Marbury v. Madison

Thomas Jefferson

Author of Declaration of Independence – 1st Sec. of State – 2nd V.P. – 3rd President (1801-1809) – Democratic-Republican – Burr was his 1st V.P. (killed Hamilton) – Lewis and Clark – Embargo Act- strict constructionist except

Marbury v. Madison

1803 – Judicial review – Response to Adams’ Midnight Judges – Supreme Court decides Constitutionality of laws

Louisiana Purchase

1803 – TJ’s dilemma; Napoleon sold-why? Needed $ for war in Europe & Haitian Rebellion (Toussaint L’Overture); strict constructionism, dream of yeoman farmer-TJ

Embargo Act

1806-1808 – Jefferson’s Presidency – U.S. would not trade with Britain or France – Trying to stay neutral – Both nations harassing U.S. ships – Brits impressing U.S. sailors

Tripoli War (Barbary Wars)

(1801-1805) – President Jefferson – Tripoli (Libya) – U.S. refusal to pay tribute to the Barbary States – Mosquito Fleet (Jeffs) sent to protect ships

Chesapeake Affair

1807 – USS Chesapeake attacked and boarded by HMS Leopard – Impressment –

Led to Embargo Act of 1807 (non-importation and non-export) – Hurt U.S. – Led to War of 1812

Harrison at Tippecanoe Creek

Gov. William Henry Harrison (Indian Terr.) v. Tecumseh’s Indian

Confederation – Battle in Indiana (1811) – continued into War of 1812 – American victory – Tippecanoe and Tyler Too (election of 1840 – died 30 days into his term)

Hartford Convention

New England’s opposition to War of 1812 – They were hurt more economically – threatened secession – Delivered to Washington D.C. after conclusion of War – Death of Federalist Party

Macon’s Bill #2

Whoever (G.B. or Fr.) stopped seizing U.S. ships 1st the U.S. would trade with that nation – Napoleon jumped at the chance (it furthered his Continental Plan)

Treaty of Ghent

1814 – Ends the War of 1812

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 – Lift Embargo Act of 1807 on all shipping unless bound for G.B. and Fr.

War of 1812

Causes= land hunger & Warhawks, impressment, Native-American troubles in Ohio River Valley (Tecumseh); burning of D.C., Star-Spangled Banner; N.O., Treaty of Ghent- status same as before war

Henry Clay's America System

---Tariff or tax imposed on imported goods to protect goods and industry within a nation

---2nd B.U.S.

---Infrastructural improvements- canals, roads

James Monroe

– 5th President – Democratic-Republican – Acquisition of Florida – Missouri Compromise – Era of Good Feelings- Monroe Doctrine

Era of Good Feelings

after the War of 1812: peace, expansion, one party, surge in nationalism

Erie Canal

Upstate N.Y. – Hudson River to Lake Erie – Completed 1825 – Population surge in Western N.Y. – Helps with Westward expansion and trade- American System

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 – Court imposed “Necessary and Proper” clause of the Constitution – Implied Powers – Fed. Govt. can pass laws not expressly provided to the states

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824 – Power to regulate interstate navigation (and thus trade) was granted to Congress in the Constitution

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817 – Between U.S. and G.B. – Demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain and border between U.S. and British N. Am.

Missouri Compromise

1820 – Prohibited slavery north of 36 30’ – Missouri admitted as slave state – Maine as free state – Henry Clay- balance the powers in the Senate

Monroe Doctrine

1823 – European nations should no longer colonize or interfere in the affairs of the nations of the Americas

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposed Amendment to Missouri Compromise – Missouri had to halt further introduction of slaves into the Territory – Calls for gradual emancipation – Passes the House – Never voted on in the Senate

American Colonization Society

organization attempted to resettle freed blacks & runaway slaves in the North to Liberia; never really took off; supported by some abolitionists, slaveholders

Adams-Onis Treaty

President James Monroe – U.S. acquired Spanish Florida for $5 mil. And gave up claims to Texas

Cumberland (National) Road

(1811-1839) – One of the 1st major improved highways built by Fed. Govt. – Cumberland, MD. To Vandalia, ILL

Cultural nationalism

post War of 1812- pro-western expansion, anti-Europe, believed in unlimited prosperity, patriotic- nationalistic textbooks, artwork and books

Economic nationalism

tariffs or tax on imported goods (revenue and protective), American System,

American questioned this after Panic of 1819

Second Bank of the United States

Chartered in 1816 – Pres. Madison – Charter set to expire 1836-

Hated by Jackson – After it’s not re-chartered led to “pet” banks

Robert Fulton

Developed 1st steam powered ship

Clipper Ships

Fast sail ships – “Clipped” time off the voyage – cargo ships – blockade runner

Factory System

Samuel Slater- spinning jenny- textiles- hourly wages > paid by the job or piece-

Unskilled laborers in factories supervised by bosses- poor working conditions- assembly lines-

first in New England

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Interchangeable Parts

Eli Whitney – Industrial Revolution – Rifle manufacturing- assembly lines

Lowell System

Textile factory system – N.E. young, single women typically unskilled laborers

Market Revolution

workers in the cities make products for farmers & farmers make food for workers-

regional specialization, assembly lines, transportation explosion= canals, gravel roads, clipper

ships, river steam boats, then RR- corporations raising capital- mechanical inventions- cheap

labor- beginnings of unions, Commonwealth v. Hunt; beginning of middle class; women=

“separate spheres”

Godey’s Lady’s Book

first magazine marketed to middle class women; focused on fashion, homemaking, children; shopping advocated education for women

Utopian Communities

Many were communes – Burned-over district of Upstate N.Y. – Oneida

Community (John Noyes)= Christian perfectionism, silverware, multiple partners, New Harmony

(Robert Owen) Shakers - celibate commune==most were socialist and religious responses to the

Industrial Revolution; Bible communism

Transcendentalists

Ideal spiritual state “transcends” the physical – Inner light-

Thoreau= “On Civil Disobedience” Walden Pond; Emerson*= The American Scholar;*

Brook Farm- George Ripley

Romantic Movement

Hudson River School, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper,

Leatherstockings, Nathaniel Hawthorne

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Social Activist – Leader of Women’s Rights Movement – Seneca Falls (author

of Declaration of Sentiments) – Supporter of Temperance Movement

Era of Reform Movements

temperance, abolitionism, education, 2nd Great Awakening, asylum

Movement, (Dorothea Dix), penitentiaries, Auburn System

Susan B. Anthony

Women’s Rights Movement Leader – Tried to unify women’s rights and civil rights –  Co-founder of National Women’s Suffrage Association

Married Women’s Property Act

No more coverture, gave women legal rights as property; husband & wife have equal control of assets, husband no longer control inheritances from wife

Catherine Beecher Stowe

Treatise on Domestic Economy; advice on home-making and raising children; advocate of women as teachers and domestic help (maids) to become more self-supportive

Cult of domesticity

women were now moral leaders of the home, responsible for children’s upbringing,

result of Republican Motherhood & industrialization, good and bad; separate spheres

Horace Mann

educational reform= prepare the child to live in a democracy- improvements- grades for ages, nurture the child, school terms, female teachers, normal schools

William McGuffey

first mass produced textbook- themes were sobriety, punctuality, work ethic-

characteristics that make a good worker in the Industrialized Age

2nd Great Awakening

appealed to fear & damnation, salvation achieved thru faith & hard work;

appealed to middle class and women, Charles G. Finney, itinerant preachers, revivals,

feminization of religion; Lyman Beecher- Sabbatarianism; Timothy Dwight; Millennealism; response to

Unitarianism

Temperance movement

Washingtonians, American Temperance Society, Neal Dow

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) – Seneca Falls N.Y. – 1st Women’s rights convention in

U.S. –Elizabeth Cady Stanton – Wrote Declaration of Sentiments – Inspired by

2nd Great Awakening- Lucretia Mott- Susan B. Anthony

Grimke Sisters

Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837), first female

public speakers, abolitionists and feminists

Nat Turner

Led failed most violent slave revolt in Virginia- believed God had chosen him to lead

slaves to freedom – Flayed, beheaded, and Quartered- earlier Denmark Vessey & Stono Rebellion

Sojourner Truth

abolitionist & women’s rights; “Ain’t I a Woman,”  opponent of what slavery did to families- separating children from parents

Frederick Douglass

abolitionist, “4th of July Speech”, escaped slave, North Star, Lincoln advisor

William Lloyd Garrison

immediate rather than gradual emancipation, The Liberator, burned Constitution

Harriet Tubman

Underground RR, particularly after Fugitive Slave Law

Sectionalism & Immigration of 1840s & 1850s: German, Irish, Chinese

Early immigrants – Germans

(political unrest – settled in Penn.) – Irish (Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849) – Settled in larger cities of East – not wanted – Catholic); Chinese- gold rush & then transcontinental RR; wage slaves in the North; Midwest & Northeast tied together- RR

John Quincy Adams

Sec. of State under Monroe (helped author Monroe Doctrine) – Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida Purchase Treaty-from Spain) – Corrupt Bargain (Election of 1824) – 6th President (1825- 1829) – American System (Higher Tariffs (protective) for internal improvements, National Bank (singular currency)

Demographics of the antebellum South

Aristocracy (planter elite & code of chivalry, defense of women, paternalistic), small planters or

Farmers (owned 20 or less), Poor whites- (hillbillies, white trash, no slaves but defended slavery-

why?), mountain people, freed blacks, slaves ( field hands, 31yrs. old)

slavery

“King Cotton,” “peculiar institution”, “Sold Down the River”, black belt, cotton gin, southern hierarchy, “jumping the broom,” fictive kin

American Antislavery Society

Founded by William Lloyd Garrison – Abolitionist- burned copy of the

Constitution- wrote The Liberator

Antimasonic Party

19th century 3rd political party – Opposed Freemasonry – Pres. Candidate

(Wirt-1832)

Andrew Jackson

Battle of New Orleans (1815) – Election of 1824 (Lost “Corrupt Bargain” to J.Q. Adams) – 7th President (1829-1837) – Spoils System – rotation of offices- Vetoed 2nd Bank of the

United States (too much power to rich and powerful)- Panic of 1837 - Nullification Crisis – Indian Removal- enhanced role of the president- founded Democratic Party

Common man

universal male suffrage?- demographic shift to the western states (Ky, Tenn, Ala, etc.)-

party nominating conventions instead of “King Caucus= popular campaigning & strategies _ “Old

Hickory” or “Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!” or “Fifty-four forty or fight!”- mudslinging- “log cabin & hard cider” campaign- two party system- rise of 3rd parties

Bank Wars

function of the B.U.S.; Jackson’s belief about the B.U.S., veto; pet banks; wildcat banks; Nicholas Biddle; Specie Circular; Panic of 1837

Eaton Affair

Petticoat Affair-John Eaton’s newlywed wife vs. snotty S.C. cabinet wives- Split Jackson’s

cabinet- Jackson hated Calhoun after that

John C. Calhoun

Jackson’s VP for Jackson’s first term- held responsible for Nullification Crisis- staunch

defender of slavery- later on known as a fire-eater- slavery is a “positive good”

Martin Van Buren

8th President (1837-1841) – Democrat – Aroostook War – Panic of 1837 – Unsuccessfully ran as Free Soil candidate in 1848

Whig Party

(1832-1856) – Opposed Jackson and the Democratic Party - 2 Presidents Elected (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor) – Old Federalist Party – Supported American System

Tariff of Abominations

1828 – Protective Tariff – To protect U.S. Industry – British reduced cotton imports – Hurt South – Caused Nullification Crisis

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

(1828) – John C. Calhoun – V.P. at time under J.Q. Adams –

Protest Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)- argument of nullification

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South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification

Declared tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void in S.C. – Began Nullification Crisis – President Jackson in favor of strong Fed. Govt. – Threatened Calhoun

Compromise Tariff

1833 – Clay and Calhoun – Go back to tariff numbers of 1816 Tariff – Reduce #s of 1828 Tariff – Resolved Nullification Crisis

Trail of Tears

(1838) – Forced relocation of Cherokee Indians in American S.E. – (Indian Removal Act of 1830) – Georgia to Oklahoma – President Jackson’s policy

Indian Removal Act

assimilation- Move Indians west of the Mississippi River – Indian Removal Act of 1830 – President Jackson has about 100,000 Indians removed – Trail of Tears

Maysville Road Veto

Congress passed a bill to fund a road in Kentucky (extension of Cumberland Rd) – Jackson vetoed bill – Internal improvements within a state should not be federally funded - Unconstitutional

Worcester v. Ga

one of John Marshall’s last rulings; Cherokee should be allowed to stay on lands in Georgia; Jackson’s quote

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Cherokee claimed “They were a foreign nation in the sense of their Constitution and was not subject to Georgia jurisdiction” – Court claimed Cherokee were a “dominated, domestic, dependent nation” and the Supreme Court had no jurisdiction

Independent Treasury Act

President van Buren – Fed. Govt. is exclusively responsible for managing its own funds – Treasury to be completely independent of the nation’s banking system

William Henry Harrison

9th President (1841) – Tippecanoe and Tyler Too - Hard Cider campaign– pneumonia (died) – Shortest term of any President (30 days) – Tyler becomes "accidental" Pres.

Know-Nothing Party

also known as the American Party; Semi-secret organization (1846-1853) originally named Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner-   Nativists – 1850s – Backlash to Irish Catholic immigration; also opposed to Chinese immigration

Manifest Destiny

"obvious fate," John O’Sullivan, Lady Columbia- Push factors= Panic of 1837,

Mormons-religious persecution, German/Irish immigration

Pull factors= economic- fertile land, fur trade, gold/silver rushes, trade with China ,

market economy (resources & markets), American perception of land ownership, slavery

Texas Revolution

laws immigrants had to abide by; Alamo & Goliad; Treaty of Velasco, Sam Houston;

Lone Star Republic, slavery and Annexation

Oregon Treaty

1846 – Between U.S. and G.B. – "Fifty-four forty or fight!"   Oregon boundary

set at 49th parallel; U.S does not have to worry about a front-war

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) – Mr. Polk’s War- Over Texas and border dispute –Supported by most Democrats – Opposed by Whigs – Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo lead to Mexican Cession

Opposition to the War

Wilmot Proviso- proposal to prohibit slavery in any new territories conquered

from the Mexican-American War-never passed in Congress, Spot Resolution= Rep. Lincoln

Henry David Thoreau- Civil Disobedience

__Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalg__o

1848 – Ended Mexican-American War – Mexico ceded

American S.W. – U.S. paid Mexico $15 mil.- called Mexican Cession

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 – Settled dispute over border of Maine & Minnesota – Ended

Aroostook or Lumberjack War

Ostend Manifesto

Plan to purchase Cuba for $120 mil. – If Spain refused U.S. would be justified in taking it – For slave territory – Outraged Northerners – It failed

William Walker Expedition

filibusterers are expansionists who attempted to take over Latin American

countries like Nicaragua

Gold Rush in California

Gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill (1849) – 49ers=300,000 to California –

Native-American pop. devastated by disease – Chinese immigration but discrimination; Cal. statehood in 1850

James Polk

(1845-1849) – Jacksonian Democrat – 1st “Dark Horse” Candidate – Manifest Destiny – Secured Oregon Territory – Mex.-Am. War

Gadsden Purchase

last land acquisition for the lower 48 contiguous states- southern strip of Az. & N.M. to build a southern transcontinental RR

Zachary Taylor

“Old Rough and Ready” – 12th President (1849-1850) – Whig – Died in office of gastroenteritis after July 4th celebration – Fillmore = pres.

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay – California (Free State), Slave Trade Abolished in D.C., Western land gained in Mex.-Am. War (Popular Sovereignty), Fugitive Slave Act – Texas compensation-

Great Triumvirate- Stephen Douglas

Fugitive Slave Act

1850 – Called for return of escaped slaves (from free states back to their owners – Part of Compromise of 1850- negative impact b/w North & South; South sent slave bounty

hunters to the North; North= "Bloodhound Bill"- abolitionists; personal liberty laws, vigilance

committees

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

(1852) – Harriet Beecher-Stowe – 2nd best-selling book of 19th Century (Bible) – Theme-Slavery is bad for everyone; Aunt Phillis’s Cabin is the southern response

Hinton Helper

Impending Crisis in the South (1857)- slavery was bad for southern economy, particularly for non-slaveholding whites

George Fitzhugh

fire-eater, Cannibals All & Sociology of the South; Slavery is better off than wage slaves of northern factories; Slaves are better off here than in Africa, Slaves were treated better b/c they were expensive

Franklin Pierce

14th President (1853-1857) – Democrat – Dark Horse Candidate – Kansas-Nebraska Act (Repealed Missouri Compromise) – Ostend Manifesto