World History Midterm S

Renaissance

Period of renewed interest in arts and sciences.

Humanism

Cultural movement emphasizing individual experience and classical learning.

Leonardo da Vinci

Artist known for Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

Michelangelo

Artist known for David and Sistine Chapel Ceiling.

Niccolò Machiavelli

Italian philosopher known for The Prince's political advice.

The Prince

Political treatise on power maintenance and tactics.

Printing Press

Invention that revolutionized knowledge and literacy access.

William Shakespeare

Playwright who elevated English literature and language.

Protestant Reformation

16th-century movement reforming the Catholic Church.

Martin Luther

Theologian who initiated the Reformation with 95 Theses.

95 Theses

List criticizing Catholic Church practices, posted in 1517.

Indulgence

Payment for remission of sins in Catholic Church.

John Calvin

Theologian known for predestination and disciplined Christian life.

Henry VIII

King who established Church of England for annulment.

Council of Trent

Ecumenical council addressing church reform and doctrine.

Christopher Columbus

Explorer who discovered Americas in 1492.

Ferdinand Magellan

Explorer known for first circumnavigation of the globe.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods and diseases between New and Old Worlds.

Native American Societies

Faced disruptions from European colonization and diseases.

Spain and Portugal

Leaders in establishing overseas empires during exploration.

Hernán Cortés

Conquistador who led fall of the Aztec Empire.

Triangular Trade Route

Trade network connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Middle Passage

Voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Divine Right of Kings

Monarchs' authority derived from God.

King Louis XIV

French monarch known as the 'Sun King'.

Peter the Great

Modernized Russia and established St. Petersburg.

Philip II of Spain

King known for conflict with Elizabeth I.

Spanish Armada

Failed invasion of England in 1588.

John Locke

Philosopher advocating natural rights and social contract.

Montesquieu

Promoted separation of powers in government.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Advocated for women's rights and education.

Geocentric Model

Earth-centered universe belief before the Scientific Revolution.

Heliocentric Model

Sun-centered universe proposed by Copernicus.

Galileo Galilei

Improved telescope and supported heliocentrism.

Isaac Newton

Formulated laws of motion and gravitation.

Francis Bacon

Promoted empirical experimentation and scientific method.

René Descartes

Emphasized rationalism and skepticism in philosophy.

Industrial Revolution

Economic transition to industrialized societies, 18th-19th century.

Factories

Centralized production facilities for mass manufacturing.

Key Resources

Coal and iron were vital for industrial growth.

Important Inventions

Steam engine, spinning jenny, and power loom.

Positive Effects

Increased production, urbanization, and living standards.

Negative Effects

Poor working conditions and social inequality.