10. stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

stereotypes

a belief that certain attitudes are characteristic of members of a particular group

prejudice

an attitude or affective response (pos or neg) toward a group and its indiv members

discrimination

favorable or unfavorable treatment of indivs based on their membership in a particular group

traditional discrimination

overt discrimination through behavior and speech (school segregation, voting rights, etc.)

modern discrimination

discrimination while simultaneously rejecting explicit racial beliefs (informal hiring practices, social interactions, dating “preferences”)

“benevolent” sexism

chivalrous ideology marked by protectiveness and affection toward women who embrace conventional roles

hostile sexism

dislike of nontraditional women and those seen as usurping men’s power

2 types of non-self-report measures of prejudice and stereotyping

the implicit association test, different types of priming procedures

implicit association test

technique for revealing nonconscious attitudes toward different stimuli, particularly groups of people

priming

the presentation of info designed to activate a concept and hence make it accessible

affect misattribution procedure (AMP)

priming procedure designed to assess ppl’s implicit associations to different stimuli, including their associations to various ethnic, racial, gender, and occupational groups

3 perspectives as to why racism exists and persists

economic, motivational, and cognitive perspective

economic perspective

identifies the roots of intergroup hostility in competing interests that can pit groups against each other

motivational perspective

emphasizes the psychological needs that lead to intergroup conflict

cognitive perspective

traces the origins of stereotyping to the same cognitive processes that enable ppl to categorize items

realistic group conflict theory + which perspective

theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources

economic

ethnocentrism

glorifying one’s own group while vilifying other groups

superordinate goals

a goal that transcends the interests of any one group and that can be achieved more readily by 2 or more groups working tgt

minimal group paradigm + perspective

the concept that people favor their own “ingroup” over the “outgroup” even if groups are arbitrarily made without any personal connection

motivational

social identity theory + perspective

the idea that a person’s self-concept and self-esteem derive not only from personal identity and accomplishments but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs

motivational

basking in reflected glory + perspective

taking pride in the accomplishments of other ppl in one’s group, such as when sports fans identify w a winning team

motivational

paired distinctiveness

the pairing of 2 distinctive events that stand out even more bc they occur tgt

distinctiveness-based illusory correlation + perspective

“detecting” false correlations based on the distinctiveness of minority-group members and the distinctiveness of negative behaviors

cognitive

subtyping + perspective

explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole

cognitive perspective

people tend to accept supportive evidence at face value, whereas they often critically analyze and discount contradictory evidence. one way they do this is by attributing behavior consistent w a stereotype to the __ of the ppl involved and attribution behavior inconsistent w a stereotype to __

dispositions, external causes

the more concrete the description, the __ it says about the person. the more abstract the description, the __ it says about the person.

less, more

ex: my friend accidentally dropped their soda can vs. your friend is a litterer

outgroup homogeneity effect + perspective

the tendency for ppl to assume that members of outgroups are more similar, whereas our own group members are more different from each other

cognitive

own-race identification bias + perspective

the tendency for people to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race than from other races

cognitive

distinctiveness-based illusory correlations and the outgroup homogeneity effect are likely a result of…

unconscious/automatic cognitive processes

contact hypothesis

the proposition that prejudice can be reduced by putting members of different groups in frequent contact w one another

3 conditions for the contact hypothesis to work

equal status, interdependence (so like a superordinate goal for example), supportive social norms (for intergroup contact, ONE-ON-ONE SPECIFICALLY)

2 diversity ideologies

multiculturalism, color-blindness

multiculturalism

a diversity ideology that encourages the acknowledgement and appreciation of ppl’s unique cultural and ethnic identities

color-blindness

a diversity ideology that encourages treating others as unique indivs and downplaying or ignoring cultural and ethnic group differences

2 things that determine self-esteem

personal identity, social identity

6 reasons why we use stereotypes

1. we are cognitive misers - tend to sort ppl into groups

2. we emphasize those categories through outgroup homogeneity

3. intergroup anxiety

4. social identity theory

5. illusory correlation

6. confirmation bias

intergroup anxiety

ppl are more comfortable w members of their own group

4 parts of self-fulfilling prophecy cycle

1. automatic activation of negative stereotype

2. treat target poorly

3. target behaves poorly in response

4. negative stereotype confirmed

stereotype threat + effect on performance

the fear that we will confirm the stereotype that others have regarding some salient group of which we are a member

increased pressure to perform + fear of potential failure → worse performance

if you feel as if you’re the token member, do you perform better or worse?

worse