Evolutionary Theory

What theory did Charles Darwin create.

The theory of Natural Selection.

Organisms best suited to the environment will survive and reproduce.

Natural Selection.

What do Inherited variations help organisms do

Increase fitness and compete for resources.

How are passed down changes occur

over time through generations.

What was the name of the book Darwin wrote

On the origin of species.

What ship did Darwin sail on.

The HMS Beagle.

From what time did Darwin sail

1831-1836

Where did Darwin make the majority of his discoveries

Galapagos Islands.

What is another name for Natural Selection

“Survival of the Fittest.”

What theory did Jean Baptiste Lamarck create.

Theory of Acquired Characteristics.

According to Lamarck traits are not determined by what

Genes

What are traits determined by according to Lamarck

Experience or Behavior

When do changes occur according to Lamarck

During an organisms lifetime

Do parents pass all traits down to offspring according to Jean Baptiste Lamarck.

Yes.

Who were Jame Hutton and Charles Lyell

Geologists who studied the rock layers “strata”

What did Hutton and Lyell hypothesize

Earth is millions of years old.

What was Lyells book called.

Principles of Geology.

Same forces that changed earth in the past are the same that operate today in the future.

Uniformitarianism.

What did Thomas Malthus witness

Witness poverty in streets of London.

What did Malthus Hypothesize

If population growth continues there will be insufficient food and resources.

What are humans limited by.

War, disease, resources.

What animal did Lamarck use to support his theory

Giraffes.

What are the variations of tortoises

Shape of shell, Length of neck

What are the variations in finches.

Shape of beak.

Which two animals did Charles Darwin use for his studies.

Finch and Tortoise.

Humans select the traits they want find/most useful for.

Artifical Selection.

What is artificial selection also known as

Selective breeding.

What are two examples of Selective breeding animals

Horses, pigeons.

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce by a specific environment.

Fitness

Inherited characteristics that increase chance of survival.

Adaptations.

All species living and extinct come from a common ancestor. (Descent with modification.)

Common Descent.

Record of history of life on earth.

Fossil record

In vertical strata, the oldest layers are on the bottom. The youngest are on the top.

Law of superposition.

Who was Alfred Wallace.

Scientist who developed theory of evolution along with Darwin.

What is convergent evolution

2 or more unrelated species appear to be very similar.

WHat are examples of convergent evolution.

Similar features between fish and mammals.

What is divergent evolution.

2 or more related species appear to be very dissimilar.

What is an example of divergent evolution.

Wolves to dogs

What are homologous body structures.

Same structure different function.

What is an example of homologous body structures.

Human arm, bat wing.

What is an analogous body structure

Different structure same function

What is an example of a analogous dance.

Ex. Butterfly wing, bat wing.

What is a vestigial structure.

Reduced function. (Not used in modern organisms used in ancestors.

What is an example of a vestigial structure

Whale pelvic bone, human tail bone.

What is mimicry.

Mimicing other organisms for protection.

WHat is camouflage

Blending in with surroundings for protection.

Study of internal and external structure and appearance of an organism

Morphology

Study of formation and early growth of an organism

Embryology.

What is one technique used to determine evolutionary relationships

Study the biochemical similarity of organisms.

What do Biologists believe

the greater the similarity between amino acids of two organisms the closer their relationship.

How many amino acids make up hemoglobin

146

Protein located which functions as a respiratory enzyme

Cytochrome c

How many amino acids does Cytochrome c consist of

104

Where is cytochrome c located.

Mitochondria of cells

What is the substance that makes up butterfly wings.

CHitin

One gene controls the trait

Single-gene trait

Two more more genes control the trait.

Polygenic trait

What is an example of single gene triat

Widows peak, tongue rool

What is an example of polygenic trait.

Birth weight, hair, skin colour.

How many genes control human height

400

How many phenotypes do single-gene traits have

2

how many phenotypes to polygenic traits.

many.

All genes present in a population (includes all different alleles.)

Gene pool

Number of times an allele occurs in the gene pool

Allele frequency.

Give 3 examples of a polygenic trait besides height

Eye color, hair, skin color.

Unlike simple mendelian traits, human height displays:

Continous variation, Complex inheritance pattern.

Height is controlled by multiple genes. This pattern of inheritance is known as?

Polygenic Inheritance.

Name two environmental factors that are thought to influence height in humans.

Childs health, nutrition.

Define phenotype

Observable features.

Define genotype

Set of genes variants or alleles.

Eye colors in humans is controlled by two major genes. However, studies show approximately ____ other genes play a role in the coloro of human eyes.

14

A person may have a genetic tendency to be overweight or underweight. Name two environmental factors which may have a bigger impact in someone’s weight.

Diet and exercise

What is the cause of PKU disease?

Build up of too much Phenayalanine

What effects can PKU have on an individual who is not treated for the disease.

Intellectual dissabilitys, seizures, and mood disorders.

How is PKU treated? How is PKU detected in individuals?

BY giving affected children low phenylalanine diets.

What is stabilizing selection?

Aver age form of trait is favored.

What is directional selection

One extreme form of trait is favored.

What is disruptive selection

Both extremes are favored at the same time.