AP GOV national exam terms

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System in which power is divided between national and state or local governments.

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Federalism

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Powers written into the Constitution that have been given to the national government

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Expressed Powers

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195 Terms

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System in which power is divided between national and state or local governments.

Federalism

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Powers written into the Constitution that have been given to the national government

Expressed Powers

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Powers given to the state governments alone

Reserved Powers

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Powers shared by both the national and state governments

Concurrent Powers

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Powers given to the federal government that have been reasonably inferred from the Constitution

Implied Powers

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Section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws essential to carrying out its expressed duties. This provision allows the national government to carry out implied powers

Necessary and Proper clause

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The doctrine that a state can void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution

Nullification

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Constitutional provision that gives the federal government the power to regulate interstate and foreign trade

Commerce clause

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Ruling that declared the national government's power under the commerce clause does not permit it to regulate matters not directly related to interstate commerce; in this case, banning firearms in a school zone

US v. Lopez

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Ruling that declared the feral government had the power to establish a national bank under the "necessary and proper" clause 

McCulloch v. Maryland

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System in which power is centralized in one body. State or regional governments derive authority from the central government.

Unitary

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System in which power is help by a loose union of independent states. The central government is weak in relation to the power of the states.

Confederal / Confederate System

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Process that permits voters to put state legislative measures directly on the ballot.

Initiative

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Procedure that allows voters to reject a measure passed by the state legislature.

Referendum

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Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office.

Recall

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The distribution of a percentage of federal tax income to state and local governments.

Federal Revenue Sharing

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Federal grants given to states for specific purposes, often with strings attached, such as building an airport or a highway. 

Categorical Grants

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Federal grants given to states for broader purposes, such as healthcare or education.

Block Grants

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Strings attached by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds. 

Conditions of Aid

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Terms set by the national government that states are required to meet whether or not they accept federal grants.

Mandates

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This constitutional provision provides guarantee of citizenship, as well as equal protection which have been the sources of incorporation for key protections in the Bill of Rights.

14th Amendment

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Provision that states all powers not given to the federal government in the Constitution, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved for the states. 

10th Amendment

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  • Determine the process for naturalization and citizenship

Enumerated powers

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Congressional powers not directly stated in the constitution used to enact legislation on economic, environmental, and social issues

Implied Powers

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presides over the house, schedules bills for debate and votes, promotes party's legislative agenda, always from the majority party.

Speaker of the House

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Vice president, casts tie-breaking votes.

President of the Senate

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 Presides over the senate, promotes parties legislative agenda, schedules votes.

Majority Leader

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Leads the opposition (minority) party.

Minority leader

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Ensure party members vote with the party, count votes.

Whip

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  • Make rules for floor debate: open/closed rule, time limit for debate, etc.

House rules committee

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  • Includes members from both the house and senate.

Joint Committees

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  • A joint committee that makes a compromise version of a bill between house and senate versions.

Conference committee

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A majority vote of the full house to force a bill out of committee.

Discharge Petition

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The house acts as a committee to expedite the passage of legislation

Committee of the Whole

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A long speech intended to delay action and prevent a vote

Filibuster

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 A senator can prevent action on a bill without their approval.

Hold

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Vote to end debate on a bill; requires a ⅗ majority.

Cloture Motion

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Allow legislation to be considered and passed without debate if all senators agree.

Unanimous Consent Agreements

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Congress is in charge of establishing a budget and government spending.

Power of the Purse

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Spending required by law, can only be changed by new legislation; includes entitlements and interest on the debt.

Mandatory Spending

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  • Provide benefits to people who are entitled to them by law.

Entitlement Programs

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Must be approved annually as part of budget bills

Discretionary Spending

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Provides tangible benefits, jobs, money to a district.

Pork Barrell Legislation

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Vote trading, “I vote for yours, you vote for mine”

Logrolling

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Alters the number each state has in the house; every 10 years after the census.

Reapportionment

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 Redrawing congressional districts, done by state legislatures

Redistricting

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Drawing congressional districts in bizarre shapes

Gerrymandering

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Representative votes her conscience regardless of what constituents want.

Trustee Model

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Votes how constituents want, even if she personally disagrees.

Delegate Model

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Sometimes act as a trustee, sometimes as a delegate

Politico

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 Increasing ideological division between democrats and republicans

Party polorization

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All members of a party in congress vote the same way

Party-Line Voting

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Representative votes her conscience regardless of what constituents want

Divided Government

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Presidential powers that come from the constitution or legislation

Formal Powers

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 President is head of the armed forces

Commander-In-Cheif

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A message to congress rejecting legislation; congress can override with a ⅔ vote in both houses of congress

Veto

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President takes no action and the session of congress ends within 10 days of receiving a bill

Pocket Veto

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President makes treaties with a foreign heads-of-state subject to senate ratification

Treaties

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Have the power of law, dont require congressional approval; used to direct the bureaucracy and foreign policy

Executive Orders

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 A written statement issued by the president when signing a bill that provides her interpretation of the bill

Signing Statement

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 Need to bargain with congress over appointments, budgets, and legislative priorities.

Bargaining and Persuasion

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Agreements with foreign heads of state, like a treaty but dont require senate ratification

Executive Agreements

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A president's longest lasting influence

Judicial Appoints

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The president in commander-in-chief, but only congress can declare war

Constitutional Tension

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A position of authority that allows the president to speak out on any issue

Bully Pulpit

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nationally televised speech delivered to congress; attempts to gain support for his agenda and pressure congress

State of the Union Address

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Makes it easy for presidents to communicate quickly and directly with the public

Social Media and Technology

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News media reports on issues which increase in importance to the public, who then demand policymakers address the issue.

Agenda Setting

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The supreme court can rule on the constitutionality of federal laws, executive orders and actions, and state laws

Judicial Review

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A past decision that influences future decisions

Precedent

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Original jurisdiction for the vast majority of federal cases (first court to hear the case)

District Courts

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Has original and appellate jurisdiction, chooses which cases to hear from its appellate jurisdiction, hears fewer than 1% of appealed cases.

Supreme Court

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An informal rule, the court will hear a case if 4 justices choose to hear it

Rule of 4

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A request for lower court documents; signals that the court has accepted a case

Writ of Certiorari

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the holding by the majority of justices

Opinion of the Court

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Agrees with the ruling of the majority but for different reasons

Concurring Opinion

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Constitutional reasoning by the justices in the minority on the case

Dissenting Opinion

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Courts should defer to the democratically elected branches whenever possible

Judicial Restraint

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The court can and should be free to overrule other branches

Judicial Activism

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Day-to-Day workers who implement federal policies; the vast majority of bureaucrats are non-political appointees, while leadership is politically appointed

Bureacracy/Civil Service

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Bureaucrats earn jobs based on merit and/or civil service exam

Merit System

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make rules regulating specific industries; narrow area of responsibility

Independent Regulatory Commissions

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Perform Public services, report directly to the president

Independent Executive Agencies

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Provide services that could be provided by private companies, but aren't profitable

Government Corporations

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Relationships between congressional committees, interest groups, and bureaucratic agencies that influence policy

Iron Triangles

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Have the same purpose of iron triangles but are looser, less formal relationships that also include academics, lawyers, and other policy advocates

Issue Networks

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Congress allows agencies to choose how to implement and enforce legislation

Administrative Discretion

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Agencies are given rule-making authority to make regulations that have the power of law.

Rule making Authority

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Committee hearings and investigations into an agency's activities

Congressional Oversight

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 Nonpartisan agencies ensure that funds are spent properly and regulations are being followed

Compliance Monitoring

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Congress can alter agency/department budgets depending on whether they are pleased with an agency activitie

Power of the Purse

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Rule on the constitutionality of bureaucratic regulations and actions

Judicial checks on bureaucracy

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Constitutional protections against infringement by the government

Civil Liberties

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Policies that protect people from arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by the government; ensures equal protection of the laws.

Civil Rights

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14th amendment clause that protects individuals from infringements by the government and has been used to incorporate civil liberties to the states.  

Due Process Clause

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14th amendment clause that declares states cannot unreasonably discriminate against individuals; has been used to incorporate civil rights.

Equal Protection Clause

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The process of gradually applying the Bill of Rights to the states. 

Selective Incorporation

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Censorship of a publication before it is printed; typically not allowed under the law.

Prior Restraint

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This standard, set forth in Schenck v. U.S., declares that speech is not covered by the 1st amendment if it poses a public threat.

Clear and Present Danger Test

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Written expression that is both false and malicious.

Libel