BIOLOGY 3rd Qtr quiz na long test

Emerging Diseases

Diseases that have not previously occurred in humans or have occurred but affected a small population.

Re-emerging Diseases

Diseases that were previously controlled but are now increasing in incidence.

Vector Transmission

Transmission of disease through insects or other animals that carry pathogens.

Demographic Factors

Characteristics of populations such as density and distribution that affect disease emergence.

AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, caused by HIV, primarily a sexually transmitted disease.

Ebola Virus

A highly infectious virus that causes Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, characterized by severe bleeding.

Pandemic Influenza

A global outbreak of flu caused by a new strain of the influenza A virus.

West Nile Virus

A mosquito-borne virus that can cause neurological illness in humans.

Transmission Mode of Ebola

Transmission occurs through contact with infected bodily fluids.

Symptoms of Pandemic Influenza

Fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, and in severe cases, pneumonia.

Diagnosis for Influenza

Respiratory specimen testing and confirmatory laboratory tests for influenza strains.

Lassa Fever

A viral hemorrhagic illness caused by the Lassa virus, spread through contact with infected rodents.

Symptoms of Lassa Fever

Fever, sore throat, vomiting, and in severe cases, bleeding and shock.

Cholera

An infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, characterized by severe diarrhea.

Preventative Measures for Rabies

Post-exposure prophylaxis and vaccination are critical for prevention.

MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; a type of bacteria resistant to many antibiotics.

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

A severe respiratory disease transmitted through contact with rodents.

Treatments for C. difficile Infection

Treatment includes antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation.

Mortality Rate of Malaria

Ranges from 0.3% to 20%, depending on access to treatment and Plasmodium type.

Symptoms of Dengue Fever

Headache, muscle pain, nausea, and rash; severe cases can lead to more serious complications.

Diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB)

Diagnosis typically involves skin tests, blood tests, and chest X-rays.

Antiviral Medications for Influenza

Drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir are effective for treating influenza.

Vaccination for Measles

Measles vaccination entails two doses: one at 12-15 months and another at 4-6 years.

Transmission of Polio

Primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route and contaminated water or food.

Symptoms of Trypanosomiasis

Includes fever, lymphatic swelling, and in advanced stages, neurological symptoms.

Treatment for Schistosomiasis

Praziquantel is the primary medication used to treat schistosomiasis.

Symptoms of Salmonella Infection

Diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps, typically following ingestion of contaminated food.

Risk Factors for Emerging Diseases

Habitat destruction, changes in reservoir host populations, and socio-economic factors.

Diagnosis of West Nile Virus

Diagnosis is based on symptoms and confirmed through laboratory testing of blood.

Prevention of Yellow Fever

Vaccination and vector control are critical for prevention.

Transmission of COVID-19

Primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets from infected persons.

Symptoms of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever

High fever, severe headache, and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Fatality Rate of Ebola Virus Disease

Can exceed 50%, depending on the outbreak and healthcare conditions.

Symptoms of Malaria

Fever, chills, and sweating caused by Plasmodium species infection.

Treatments for MRSA Infections

Most cases require drainage of abscesses and effective antibiotics.

Symptoms of Hantavirus

Include severe respiratory distress and low blood pressure.

Impact of Urbanization on Emerging Diseases

Urbanization can increase interactions between humans and wildlife reservoirs.

Symptoms of Clostridium difficile Infection

Watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.

Zoonotic Diseases

Diseases transmitted from animals to humans, such as rabies and influenza.

Antirretroviral Therapy (ART)

Treatment for HIV/AIDS that helps control the virus.

Hepatitis C Transmission

Primarily through contact with infected blood.

Rift Valley Fever Symptoms

Mild flu-like symptoms but can progress to severe cases.

Antimalarial Treatments

Medicines like chloroquine and artemisinin-based therapies are used.

Symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis

Diarrhea, stomach cramps, and dehydration.

Common Symptoms of Viral Infections

Fever, fatigue, cough, sore throat, and muscle pain.

Vaccination for Influenza

Annual flu shots can help prevent seasonal influenza.

Autigenic vs Allogenic Transplants

Autogenic uses a patient's own tissue, while allogenic uses tissue from a donor.

Surveillance for Emerging Diseases

Monitoring for new diseases is crucial for public health response.

Causative Agent of Gastric Ulcers

Helicobacter pylori is the bacteria responsible for gastric ulcers.

Supportive Care for Viral Infections

Includes rest, fluids, and pain relief.

Lyme Disease Causative Agent

Caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi.

Management of Polio Symptoms

Focuses on supportive therapies for paralysis and breathing difficulty.

Transmission of H5N1 Influenza

Spread through contact with infected fluids from birds or contaminated environments.

Symptoms of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, potentially leading to pneumonia.

Treatment of GASTRIC ULCERS

Typically involves medications that reduce stomach acid and antibiotics.

Environmental Impact on Diseases

Natural disasters and ecological changes can increase disease spread.

Causative Agent of Necrotizing Fasciitis

Commonly caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria.

Treatments for Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

Requires hospitalization and supportive care for kidney function.

Chikungunya Symptoms

Joint swelling, muscle pain, headache, and rash.

Transmission of Zika Virus

Spread mainly by Aedes mosquitoes, similar to dengue.

Diagnosis of Legionnaire's Disease

Confirmed through laboratory tests of respiratory secretions.

Management and Prevention of Yellow Fever

Involves vaccination and vector control strategies.

Role of International Travel in Disease Spread

Travel can facilitate the rapid dissemination of infectious diseases.

Diagnosis Methods for Hepatitis C

Blood testing and liver function tests are standard diagnostic procedures.

Symptoms of Diphtheria

Difficulty breathing, sore throat, and swollen neck glands.

Transmission of Lassa Fever

Spread through contact with the urine or feces of infected rodents.

Prevention Strategies for Helminth Infections

Involve improving sanitation and access to clean water.

Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infections

Can range from mild cold symptoms to severe pneumonia.

Transmission of Nipah Virus

Contact with infected bats or pigs can spread the virus to humans.

Management of COVID-19 Symptoms

Involves symptomatic treatment, oxygen therapy, and supportive care.

Fatality Rate of Rabies

Approaches 100% once clinical symptoms appear.

Neurosyphilis Symptoms

Include problems related to the central nervous system.

Lifecycle of Malaria Parasite

Involves both mosquito and human hosts in its development.

Typical Onset of Symptoms in Measles

Symptoms appear 7-14 days after exposure, including high fever.

Preventative Care for VRE Infections

Focuses on hand hygiene and judicious antibiotic use.

Symptoms of Marburg Virus

Similar to Ebola, symptoms include high fever, severe headache, and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Diagnosis of Hantavirus

Diagnosis is made based on clinical symptoms and confirmed with serology tests.

Preventative Strategies for Tuberculosis (TB)

Involves vaccination, early detection, and effective treatment of active cases.

Causative Agent of Zika Virus

Zika virus, a virus primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.

Environmental Factors Influencing Disease Spread

Includes climate change, urbanization, and changes in land use.

Symptoms of Lyme Disease

Often includes fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic bull's-eye skin rash.

Origins of HIV/AIDS

HIV is believed to have originated from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) found in non-human primates, with the first cases linked to transmission through hunting and consumption of bushmeat.

Origins of Ebola Virus

Ebola is thought to originate from fruit bats, with subsequent human transmission occurring through contact with infected animals or bodily fluids of infected individuals.

Origins of Cholera

Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is typically found in contaminated water sources and often linked to poor sanitation practices.

Origins of Malaria

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which have been present in humans since ancient times, with transmission through Anopheles mosquitoes.

Origins of Zika Virus

Zika virus is believed to have originated in primates and is primarily transmitted to humans through mosquito bites, particularly by Aedes species.

Origins of Dengue Fever

Dengue fever is caused by dengue viruses which have a historical linkage to the Aedes mosquitoes, with outbreaks often associated with tropical regions.

Origins of Lassa Fever

Lassa fever is endemic to West Africa, caused by the Lassa virus, which is typically transmitted from the Mastomys rat species to humans.

Origins of West Nile Virus

West Nile virus is thought to have originated in Africa and was transmitted to humans primarily by mosquitoes, with birds acting as the main hosts.

Endemic Diseases

Diseases that are consistently present in a specific geographic area.

Vaccination Strategies for Measles

Mass vaccination campaigns are critical to prevent outbreaks.

Neurotoxic Effects of Zika Virus

Zika virus infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital defects like microcephaly.

Prevention of Schistosomiasis

Involves improving sanitation and providing access to clean water.

Guide for Prevention of Malaria

Use of insecticide-treated nets, indoor spraying, and antimalarial medication.

Symptoms of H5N1 Influenza

Fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches; can lead to severe respiratory illness.

Treatment for Dengue Fever

Supportive care including hydration; no specific antiviral treatment exists.

HIV Prevention Methods

Include safe sex practices, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and regular screenings.

Environmental Disasters and Disease Spread

Natural disasters can lead to outbreaks due to disrupted sanitation and healthcare.

Surveillance Systems for Infectious Diseases

Essential for early detection and response to outbreaks.

Treatment Guidelines for Tuberculosis

Involves multi-drug regimens over extended periods.