DEP Exam 2

not that cute

new born characteristics

full term, premies, and micro premies

What are the different birth classifications?

26-37 weeks, stomach issues, go home in 1-2 weeks

what are some of the characteristics of preemies?

less than 26 weeks, eat an ounce, weeks to months in incubators

what are some of the characteristics of micro preemies?

38 weeks, eat 8-12 time, go home in 1-2 days

Describe some of the characteristics of newborns.

neoteny

physical markers of infancy (cute)

big head, eyes, lips

small nose

examples of neoteny

not when grown

are chubby cheeks cute?

7\.5 lbs and 20 inches

What are the average sizes for newborns?

APGAR test

determines the health of a newborn at the first minute and fifth minute

7-10

what score is good for the apgar test?

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

APGAR words

new info, overwhelmed, confused

characterized the baby as being overwhelmed by the world

What did James mean by “Blooming, buzzing, confusion”? Was he correct?

William James

believed babies experienced pure sensation with little rationality/ underestimated babies

brain and language development

0-3 years is where we see massive changes in?

critical period

an open window for development

middle class

what babies have a longer critical period?

front to back

how does the brain develop?

sucking and blinking (belongingness)

in response to stimuli

rooting (belongingness)

turning head towards touch to suck

Moro reflex (belongingness)

bringing limbs back in when touched in torso

Babinski reflex (preparedness)

when bottom of the foot toughed toes fan out

palmer reflex (preparedness)

babies grab whatever gets put in their hand

swimming (belongingness & preparedness)

baby placed on stomach and move in swimming motions

walking (preparedness)

baby will begin to ‘walk’ if held over the floor

belongingness

reflex allows you to exist immediately in an environment

preparedness

not particularly helpful at birth, but helps with later skills

after birth

vision is grayscale and blurry

3 years old

20/20 vision

5 years old

vision peaks

birth-2 months

see black and white only

2 months

baby sees red

2-4 months

baby sees blue

4+ months

When can the infant see color?

visual acuity

ability to see details and differences in lines

red, black and white, neotenous faces

what do infants prefer to look at?

affordance

built-in, unlearned environmental cues that tell us how to behave

Gibson and Walk

claimed infants come into the world already knowing depth perception and that it was one of the many affordances we have

visual cliff

how did Gibson and Walk test depth perception?

used 10-month-olds so it can’t be certain babies learned depth perception within those months and it’s not built-in

issues with the visual cliff

2-4 day old kittens did the same as the babies but the problem was that humans are not cats

how did cats react to the visual cliff? what was the problem with this study?

measured different things like heart rate and gsr at the deep end and found the babies would cry and have heavier breathing. showed depth perception is built-in

how did they use 2-week old babies for the visual cliff experiment?

5 years old

when is infant hearing the best?

vocal ranges

What type of hearing do infants have at birth?

stuff they heard during pregnancy

What do infants prefer to listen to?

temperament

kids are born with the beginning of a personality that is different from child to child

reliable predictors from 2 months to 10 years old

Explain Thomas, Chess, and Birch’s nine measures.

motor activity

which of the 9 measures shows how active is the child?

rhythmicity

which of the 9 measures shows how predictable your body functions/ internal clock?

withdrawal

which of the 9 measures shows how well the baby handles new situations?

adaptability

which of the 9 measures shows if the baby has a hard time adapting to different time zones?

sensitivity to stimuli

which of the 9 measures shows how much you notice different things?

intensity response

which of the 9 measures shows if the baby has a loud or soft cry?

general mood

which of the 9 measures shows how happy the baby is?

distractibility

which of the 9 measures shows how easily they are distracted?

attention span

which of the 9 measures shows how long we pay attention?

easy, difficult, slow to warm up

What constellations did they find for these measures? (thomas, chess, and birch’s nine measures)

easy 40%

which temperament constellation?

* flexible
* deal with a lot of different situations
* adaptable

difficult 10%

which temperament constellation?

* pre-mature
* feisty
* irregular rhythms
* withdraw easily
* slow to adapt
* intense response
* moodier

slow to warm up 15%

which temperament constellation?

* low movement
* take long to adapt
* negative mood
* not very emotive
* low energy

easy, flexible

Which ones are most common? (thomas, chess, and birch’s nine measures)

emotionality, activity, sociability, and impulsivity

What is the EASI model for temperament?

exercise reflex

getting control over innate reflexes

primary circular reactions

repeating something pleasurable with your own body

secondary circular reactions

repeating something pleasurable with something outside of your own body

purposeful coordination

begin to show evidence of gals/ intent

tertiary circular reactions

deliberate variations of behavior, how many ways can they do X

mental representation

storing in memory to retrieve is later

object concept permenance

show baby object, then hide it

0-4 months

when object disappears there is little reaction

4-8 months

will begin to search for the the object but only in last place they saw it

8-12 months

will search everywhere or insist you search

Baillargeon

argued babies know few specific things about the world and showed in magic shows

she tied a ribbon to a 3-month-olds foot and shook it to show that the mobile would move. then she did it a couple weeks later and the baby remembered

What did Rovee-Collier do with a mobile to examine infant memory?

infants retain information longer without rehearsal than what Piaget claimed

What did Rovee-Collier find?

Practice play

repeat physical sports

pretend play

when you have something that is not existing but you act like it is

Vygotsky

said that pretend play serves as the function of social practice. how to act or do something in the real world

Piaget

said that pretend play is an indication of mental representati9on. have the ability to hold onto info and reason

Leslie

said pretend play helps kids develop “theory of mind”, have the knowledge others have different minds and knowledge than us. starts 3-4 years old

knowledge of reality at 3 years old

kids cant understand reality; cant determine what is real or not

knowledge of reality at 5-7 years old

kids are good at determining what’s real for non-socialized things, like Santa

knowledge of reality

the way children play at different ages tells us about

knowledge of reality at 2-3 years old

kids play interrupted; renaming toys from one play session to the next

knowledge of reality at 4-5 years old

kids can come and go from the same world and can switch from the fake world and the real world with ease; keeping the same names for the same characters every day.

additive

once you acquire a stage of play you can always go back to it, you never lose it

solitary play 0-12 months

we play completely alone

primitive social play 18 month

play that is scaffolded by adults; adult does most the work; peekaboo

onlooker play 1-2 yrs

when you watch others play but you don’t participate

parallel play preschool age

when 2 kids do the same things, you watch, observe, copy but don’t share

associative play 4-5 years

you still do own thing but you share and comment

cooperative play elementary

play together, share rules, and agree with others/ learn negotiation

proximity seeking

positive attachment; efforts to regain physical contact with figure

contact maintenance

positive attachment; efforts to maintain self-initiated contact with figure

avoidance

negative attachment; any active avoidance of proximity or interaction with figure

resistance

negative attachment; negative behavior in response to figure’s contact attempts

wanted to see the relationship with mother and child in Uganda; children can be attached to more than one person

How did Ainsworth get interested in attachment?

baby is encouraged to explore room while mom is present. when she is replaced with stranger, child does not interact. the most important step is when the mom returns and the stranger leaves

Explain the strange situation paradigm. What part is considered most important?

avoidant 20% - when mom leaves baby is upset and when she returns baby is angry

Ainsworth A category of attachment

Secure 60-65% babies who are upset when mom leaves, they may cry and chase her. when mom returns they are easily comforted

Ainsworth B category of attachment