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Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?
a. developmental psychology
b. social psychology
c. personality psychology
d. experimental psychology
e. clinical psychology
b. social psychology
Students who were told that a young woman had been instructed to act in a very unfriendly way for the purposes of the experiment concluded that her behavior
a. reflected her personal disposition
b. was situationally determined
c. demonstrated role-playing
d. illustrated normative social influence
e. was the product of deindividuation
a. reflected her personal disposition
Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude
a. "Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her in trouble"
b. "Patricia's brakes must have failed"
c. "They need to improve the visibility at that corner"
d. "Patricia's children probably distracted her"
e. "The road must have been wet and slippery"
a. "Patricia;s recklessness has finally gotten her in trouble"
The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of __________ and to overestimate the impact of __________ in explaining the behavior of others
a. normative influences; informational influences
b. informational influences; normative influences
c. personal dispositions; situational influences
d. situational influences; personal dispositions
e. actions; attitudes
d. situational influences; personal dispositions
Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates
a. central route persuasion
b. normative social influence
c. social facilitation
d. cognitive dissonance
e. peripheral route persuasion
a. central route persuasiton
To "brainwash" captured American soliders during the Korean War, Chinese communists made effective use of
a. the just-world phenomenon
b. the bystander effect
c. the frustration-aggression principle
d. the fundamental attribution error
e. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
e. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?
a. equity theory
b. scapegoat theory
c. cognitive dissonance theory
d. social exchange theory
e. the two-factor theory
c. cognitive dissonance theory
During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?
a. frustration-aggression theory
b. attribution theory
c. social exchange theory
d. cognitive dissonance theory
e. two-factor theory
cognitive dissonance theory
Conformity is best described as
a. performing simple tasks more quickly in the presence of others
b. adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard
c. neglecting critical thinking in order to preserve group harmony
d. losing self-awareness in group situations that foster anonymity
e. following the directions of a powerful authority figure
b. adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard
Toby publicly agrees with his fraternity brothers that Ahmed, a senior, would make the best student senate president. On the secret ballot, however, he actually votes for Yoram. Toby's public conformity to his fraternity brothers' opinion best illustrates the power of
a. social facilitation
b. informational social influence
c. deindividuation
d. normative social influence
e. the mere exposure effect
d. normative social influene
When the task of correctly identifying an individual in a slide of a four-person lineup was both difficult and important, participants in an experiment were especially likely to conform to others' wrong answers. This best illustrates the impact of
a. the fundamental attribution error
b. informational social influence
c. the mere exposure effect
d. normative social influence
e. ingroup bias
b. informational social influence
The value of social conformity is most likely to be emphasized in
a. England
b. France
c. Japan
d. the United State
e. Canada
c. Japan
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" we LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when
a. the experiment was conducted at a prestigious institution such as Yale University
b. the experimenter became too pushy and told hesitant participants, "You have no choice, you must go on."
c. the "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders
d. the "learner" said he had a heart condition
e. the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher"
c. the "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenters orders
According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that
a. people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive
b. even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction
c. the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives
d. people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced to do something
e. we are most likely to conform to the opinions of others when faced with a unanimous opinion
b. even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction
Comedy routines that are mildy amusing to people in an uncrowded room seem funnier in a densely packed room. This is best explained in terms of
a. the mere exposure effect
b. social facilitation
c. the bystander effect
d. ingroup bias
e. social exchange theory
b. social facilitation
Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates
a. the bystander effect
b. the mere exposure effect
c. social loafing
d. group polarization
e. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
c. social loafing
when New York University women dressed in Ku Klax Klan-hoods they demonstrated more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of
a. social facilitation
b. modeling
c. groupthink
d. deindiviiduation
e. ingroup bias
d. deindividuation
Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of
a. social facilitation
b. obedience
c. group polarization
d. deindividuation
e. modeling
c. group polarization
Groupthink can be prevented by a leader who
a. is directivve and makes his or her own position clear from the start
b. invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans
c. tries to maintain high morale among group members
d. emphasizes the importance of the issue under discussion
e. makes sure that all conflicts are resolved through consensus
b. invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans
Groupthink can be prevented by a leader who
a. is directive and makes his or her own position clear from the start
b. invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans
c. tries to maintain high morale among group members
d. emphasizes the importance of the issue under discussion
e. makes sure that all conflicts are resolved through consensus
b. invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans
Which of the following describes a stereotype?
a. Vladimir is especially attracted to Latin-American women
b. Peter feels very uncomfortable interacting with Blacks
c. Robin is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and forgetful
d. Cyril never hires people over the age of 50 to work in his restaurant
e. Patrick argues that raising the minimum wage leads to increased illegal immigration
c. Robin is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and forget ful
In several U.S. states where Black motorists are a minority of the drivers and speeders on interstate highways, they have been the majority of those stopped and searched by police. This best illustrates
a. the mere exposure effect
b. the reciprocity norm
c. overt prejudice
d. the bystander effect
e. overt deindividuation
c. overt prejudice
Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. This is best illustrated in studies of
a. deindividuation
b. implicit attitudes
c. group polarization
d. mirror-image perceptions
e. obedience
c. group polarization
Government officials who emphasize that African-Americans are personally responsible for the economically disadvantaged position of their ethnic group are most likely to promote
a. deindividuation
b. mirror-image perception
c. the social responsibility norm
d. prejudice
e. concillation
d. prejudice
Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate
a. the reciprocity norm
b. deindividuation
c. ingroup bias
d. the mere exposure effect
e. the fundamental attribution error
c. ingroup bias
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called
a. ingroup bias
b. the other-race effect
c. deindividuation
d. the mere exposure effect
e. mirror-image pereception
b. the other-race effect
An eagerness to believve that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of
a. deindividuation
b. ingroup bias
c. the bystander effect
d. the just-world phenomenon
e. the mere exposure effect
d. the just-world phenomenon
Handling and describing a gun has been found to increase ________ in research participants' saliva.
a. serotonin
b. testosterone
c. endorphins
d. insulin
e. dopamine
b. testosterone
After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the
a. ingroup bias
b. foot-in-the-door phenomenon
c. mere exposure effect
d. frustration-aggression principle
e. fundamental attribution error
d. frustration-aggression principle
A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently more likely to enact the __________ provided by the media
a. superordinate goals
b. social loafing
c. reciprocity norm
d. social scripts
e. fundamental attribution error
d. social scripts
Professor Lindsten emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis best illustrates
a. attribution theory
b. the reciprocity norm
c. social facilitation
d. a biopsychosocial approach
e. social exchange theory
d. a biopsychosocial approach
An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as
a. social facilitation
b. companionate love
c. the mere exposure effect
d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
e. mirror-image perceptions
c. the mere exposure effect
What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other?
a. similarity in attitudes
b. similarity in intelligence
c. physical attractiveness
d. self-disclosure skills
e. similar socio-economic status
c. physical attractiveness
Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?
a. the beautiful are the lonely
b. birds of a feather flock together
c. familiarity breeds contempt
d. absence makes the heart grow fonder
e. opposites attract
b. birds of a feather flock together
While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is best explained in terms of
a. social exchange theory
b. the two-factor theory of emotions
c. social facilitation
d. the mere exposure effect
e. the bystander effect
b. the two-factor theory of emotion
A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of
a. cognitive dissonance
b. social facilitation
c. group think
d. self-disclosure
e. normative social influence
d. self-disclosure
Followingg the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates
a. altruism
b. deindividuation
c. the bystander effect
d. the just-world phenomenon
e. social exchange theory
a. altruism
Darley and Latane observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of
a. the ingroup bias
b. a failure to interpret the incident as an emergency
c. indifference and apathy
d. their feelings of limited responsibility
e. emergency preparedness
d. their feelings of limited responsibility
Social psychologists have arranged for people to drop coins or pencils in elevators in order study
a. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
b. the mere exposure effect
c. social facilitation
d. social loafing
e. the bystander effect
e. the bystander effect
Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their altruistic behavior are best explained in terms of:
a. the two-factor theory of emotion
b. the reciprocity norm
c. social exchange theory
d. attribution theory
e. the social responsibility norm
c. social exchange theory
To help people avoid social traps, psychologists should promote an increase awareness of
a. social facilitation
b. the mere exposure effect
c. normative social influence
d. the social-responsibility norm
e. deindividuation
d. the social-responsibility norm
After a year-long drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of:
a. ingroup bias
b. social traps
c. the fundamental attribution error
d. the bystander effect
e. the just-world phenomenon
b. social traps
Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the experience of
a. social facilitation
b. mirror-image perception
c. face-to-face contact
d. the bystander effect
e. the just-world phenomenon
b. social traps
A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the value of
a. the mere exposure effect
b. social facilitation
c. groupthink
d. conciliation
e. self-disclosure
d. conciliation
Note
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