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Verbal Irony
A narrator, speaker, or character says one thing, but means something entirely different.
Situational Irony
Occurs when something happens that is entirely different from what is expected.
Dramatic Irony
occurs when the reader knows information that the characters do not.
Meiosis
Downplaying something serious.
Litotes
Negating a negative
First-Person; The Narrator
- A Main character in the story
- Uses the pronouns I and me to refer to himself or herself
- Shares his or her thoughts, feelings, and opinions of other characters and events
- Doesn’t know the thoughts, feelings, and opinions of other characters
Third-Person Limited; The Narrator
- Not a character in the story but an outside character
- Zooms in the thoughts, feelings, and opinions of one character
Third-Person Omniscient; The Narrator
- Not a character in the story but an outside observer
- “All-knowing” —that is, he or she has access to the thoughts, feelings, and opinions of all characters
Dynamic Characters
Character complex that often changes as the story plot unfolds
Static Chracters
Often stay the same
Foil
Helps readers understand the protagonist by showing who they are not. The contrasts reveal the essence of the main character.
Diction
Writer’s specific choice of words, phrases, sentence structures, and figurative language, which combine to create meaning.