APUSH Terms 3.10-4.4

Washington, George

1789,1792  x First

Adams, John

1796 F second

Jefferson, Thomas

1800,1804 DR third

Madison, James

1808,1812 DR fourth

Monroe, James

1816,1820 DR fifth

Thomas Jefferson

3rd U.S. President (1801–1809); author of the Declaration of Independence; leader of the Democratic-Republican Party; believed in limited government and strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Aaron Burr

Jefferson’s Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel; later tried for treason for allegedly plotting to form his own nation in the West.

James Monroe

5th President; known for the “Era of Good Feelings” and the Monroe Doctrine.

John Adams

2nd U.S. President; Federalist; passed the Alien and Sedition Acts; lost to Jefferson in 1800.

George Washington

First President; set many precedents including the two-term tradition and warned against political parties and permanent alliances.

Henry Clay

Senator from Kentucky; leader of the War Hawks; creator of the “American System.”

John C Calhoun

Southern leader and War Hawk; supported states’ rights and limited federal power.

William Henry Harrison

U.S. general who defeated Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe; later became President.

Andrew Jackson

Qas the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. He rose to fame as a U.S. Army general and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. His political philosophy, which dominated his presidency, became the basis for the rise of Jacksonian democracy.

Alexander Hamilton

1st Secretary of the Treasury; founder of the Federalist Party; created the national bank and U.S. financial system.

James Madison

4th President; “Father of the Constitution”; led the U.S. during the War of 1812.

Thomas Pinckney

U.S. diplomat who negotiated the Pinckney Treaty with Spain.

John Jay

First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; negotiated the Jay Treaty with Britain.

Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause)

Gives Congress power to pass laws needed to carry out its duties.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 

Stated that states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws. 

Nullification

The idea that a state can reject federal laws it deems unconstitutional.

John Marshall

Chief Justice (1801–1835); strengthened federal power and the role of the Supreme Court.

Judicial Review 

Power of the Supreme Court to decide if laws are constitutional.

Marbury v Madison

Established judicial review

Fletcher v Peck

First time the Supreme Court struck down a state law as unconstitutional

McCulloch v Maryland

Upheld constitutionality of the national bank; ruled that states can’t tax the federal government.

Judiciary Act

Created the federal court system

 Supreme Court / Federal Courts

Interpret laws and ensure they follow the Constitution.

Executive Departments

Created to help the President run the government (State, Treasury, War).

Henry Knox

1st Secretary of War under Washington

Edmund Randolph

1st Attorney General under Washington.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Included paying off war debts, creating a national bank, and imposing tariffs to promote industry

Whiskey Tax

Tax on whiskey that led to a rebellion in 1794.

Whiskey Rebellion 

Farmers in western Pennsylvania protested the whiskey tax; Washington sent troops to show federal authority.

Internal Improvements 

Building roads, canals, and infrastructure (part of Henry Clay’s American System)

National Banks

 Created to stabilize currency and credit

Economic Nationalism

Policies that strengthen the national economy (infrastructure, tariffs, etc.)

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one’s region over the nation.

Tarrif of 1816

First protective tariff to shield U.S. industries from foreign competition.

Protective Tarrifs

Tax on imports to protect domestic industries.

Henry Clay’s American System

Plan for economic growth: national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements

Panic of 1819

First major U.S. economic depression caused by over-speculation and tight credit

Public Land Act

Set procedures for selling and settling federal lands.

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson’s purchase from France that doubled the size of the U.S.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Explored the Louisiana Territory and Pacific Northwest.

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates who attacked U.S. ships; Jefferson sent the navy to stop them.

Neutrality

Policy of not taking sides in foreign wars.

Impressment

British practice of seizing American sailors and forcing them into service.

 Embargo Act

Banned trade with all nations; hurt U.S. economy.

Non-intercourse Act

Reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Macon’s Bill No.2

Reopened trade with Britain and France if they respected U.S. neutrality.

War of 1812

War between U.S. and Britain over trade restrictions and impressment.

Battle of New Orleans

Major U.S. victory led by Andrew Jackson after the war ended.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812; restored prewar boundaries.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Limited naval forces on the Great Lakes.

Treaty of 1818

Set U.S.-Canada border at the 49th parallel.

Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty)

Spain ceded Florida to the U.S.

Monroe Doctrine

Warned Europe not to interfere in the Americas.

Jay’s Treaty

Improved trade relations with Britain and resolved remaining issues from the Revolution,

Pinckney Treaty

Gave Americans the right to use the Mississippi River and New Orleans port.

Quasi war

 Undeclared naval conflict between the U.S. and France following the XYZ Affair; ended with the Convention of 1800.

Convention of 1800

Ended the Quasi-War and improved relations between the U.S. and France.

Tecumseh & The Prophet

Shawnee brothers who led Native resistance to U.S. expansion.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Harrison defeated Native forces led by The Prophet.

War Hawks

Congressmen who pushed for war with Britain (led by Clay & Calhoun).

Battle of Fallen Timbers

U.S. victory over Native tribes in the Northwest Territory.

Eli Whitney

 Invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts.

Cotton Gin

Increased cotton production and expanded slavery.

Northwest Ordinance

 Established rules for admitting new states in the Northwest Territory.

Missouri Compromise

Admitted Missouri as slave state, Maine as free; banned slavery north of 36°30′. Maintain the balance of power between free and slave states.

Talmadge Amendment

Proposed gradual end to slavery in Missouri; not passed.

Tenth Amendment 

Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states.

Federalist

Favored strong central government and business interests.

Democratic Republican

Favored states’ rights and an agrarian society.

Midnight Judges 

Judicial appointments made by John Adams at the end of his presidency; led to Marbury v. Madison.

Era of good feelings 

Period of one-party rule under Monroe; marked by nationalism and economic growth.

Alien & Sedition Acts 

Restricted immigration and limited speech critical of the government.

Proclamation of Neutrality

Washington declared the U.S. neutral in European conflicts.

XYZ Affair

French officials demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats; led to the Quasi-War.

Naturalization Act

Extended time to become a U.S. citizen from 5 to 14 years.