BIO: 1.2 part 1

Cells

The basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms.

Cell Differentiation

The process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type, determined by gene expression.

Tissues

Groups of similar cells performing a specific function.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers body surfaces, lines cavities and organs

Connective Tissue

Supports, connects, and separates different types of tissues and organs

Muscle Tissue

Specialized for contraction to enable movement

Nervous Tissue

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Organs

A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.

Organ Systems

A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

Organism

An individual living thing, either unicellular or multicellular.

Circulatory System

Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste

Heart

Pumps blood throughout the body.

Blood Vessels

Arteries, veins, and capillaries that transport blood.

Blood

Transports substances such as oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.

Lymph Nodes

Filter lymph and assist in immune function.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into smaller molecules, absorbs nutrients, eliminates undigested waste.

Mouth

Performs mechanical and chemical digestion.

Esophagus

Transports food from mouth to stomach.

Stomach

Stores and mixes food.

Small Intestine

Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.

Large Intestine

Absorbs water from undigested food.

Liver

Produces bile for fat digestion.

Pancreas

Produces enzymes for digestion.

Endocrine System

Produces hormones regulating growth, development, metabolism, reproduction, and mood.

Hypothalamus

Controls the pituitary gland.

Pituitary Gland

Known as the master gland

Thyroid Gland

Regulates metabolism.

Adrenal Glands

Control stress response.

Pancreas

Regulates blood sugar levels.

Ovaries/Testes

Produce sex hormones and gametes.

Excretory System

Filters waste from blood, regulates water and electrolyte balance, eliminates waste via urine and sweat.

Kidneys

Filter blood and produce urine.

Ureters

Transport urine from kidneys to bladder.

Bladder

Stores urine.

Urethra

Eliminates urine.

Skin

Removes waste through sweat.

Immune System

Protects the body against pathogens, foreign substances, and abnormal cells.

White Blood Cells

Fight infections.

Thymus

Matures T cells.

Spleen

Filters blood and stores white blood cells.

Lymph Nodes

Filter lymph fluid.

Integumentary System

Protects the body from injury, infection, and dehydration

Skin

Provides protection and sensation.

Hair

Provides insulation and protection.

Nails

Protect tips of fingers and toes.

Muscular System

Enables movement, maintains posture, generates heat.

Skeletal Muscles

Voluntary movement.

Smooth Muscles

Involuntary movement.

Cardiac Muscle

Heart contractions.

Nervous System

Receives and processes sensory information, controls actions, coordinates body functions.

Brain

Control center of the body.

Spinal Cord

Transmits signals between brain and body.

Nerves

Carry signals to and from the brain and spinal cord.

Reproductive System

Produces gametes, enables fertilization, and produces sex hormones.

Testes

Produce sperm.

Ovaries

Produce eggs.

Associated Ducts and Glands

Assist in gamete transport and secretion.

Respiratory System

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and environment.

Nose

Filters air.

Trachea

Windpipe

Lungs

Perform gas exchange.

Skeletal System

Provides support, protection, enables movement, stores minerals, produces blood cells.

Bones

Provide support and protection.

Cartilage

Cushions joints.

Ligaments

Connect bones to bones.

Tendons

Connect muscles to bones.

Cell Membrane

A selectively permeable barrier separating the cell interior from the external environment

Cytoplasm

Gel-like substance containing organelles and cellular components.

Nucleus

Control center containing DNA.

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane around the nucleus regulating molecule movement.

Ribosomes

Synthesize proteins from amino acids using mRNA instructions.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of membranes

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport or secretion.

Mitochondria

Generate ATP through cellular respiration.

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes that break down cellular waste.

Cell Wall (Plants)

Rigid outer layer providing support and protection

Chloroplasts (Plants)

Perform photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Vacuole (Plants)

Stores water, nutrients, and waste

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments providing structure, movement, and intracellular transport.

Prokaryotic Cells

Lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic Cells

Contain nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Nervous & Digestive Systems

Brain signals regulate enzyme secretion and muscle contractions

Cell Membrane

Controls movement of substances in and out, maintaining a stable internal environment.

Cell Wall

Provides structural support and protection for plant cells