Bio Princ Exam 1

Identify the atomic mass, # neutrons, # protons, # electrons

32.065, 16, 16, 16

What is the max number of electrons for each electron shell

2,8,8

Covalent bonds

electrons are shared

Ionic Bonds

give up or gain electrons

Hydrogen bond

interaction between the partial(+) charge of H and parrtial (-) charge of a more electrognegative atom (water)

Polar bonds

electrons are unequally shared by atoms (water)

Non-polar bonds

covalent bonds with equal sharing of electrons (methane)

Hydroxyl

Identify the functional group

Methyl

Identify the functional group

Carbonyl

Identify the functional group

Carboxyl

Identify the functional group

Amino

What is this functional group

Phostphate

Identify the functional group

Sulfurhydryl

Identify the functional group

cohesion

H20 molecules stick together

adhesion

attractive force between H20 molecules and other charged molecules/surfaces

capillary action

water molecule move up tube because they're attracted to charged glass molecules

pH measures the concentration of what in a solution

Hydrogen ions

Acidic

high H+ ions in the solution (lowering pH)

Basic

lower H+ concentration in solution (raising pH/higher OH- concentration)

buffers

sustances that resist changes in pH by neutralizing acid/base

dehydration reaction

2 glucose molec are linked by covalent- glycosidic bond; H20 byproduct

hydrolysis

breaking polymers to monomers; H20 is a reactant

What are the monomers of carbs?

monosaccharides

What are the elements in carbs

CHO

What bond links monosaccharides

glycosidic bonds

alpha vs. beta rings

alpha- hydroxyl group points down/ weaker

beta- hydroxyl group points up/ stronger

aldose vs. ketose

aldose is external/on the end

ketose is internal

alpha glycosidic bonds

forms coils, stores energy in C-C and C-H bonds, starch in plants, glycogen in animals

beta gycosidic bonds

form strong sheets, structure & support, cellulose in cell walls, chitin in animals & fungi

What elements are in nucleic acids?

CHONP

What are the monomers of nucleic acids and what are these monomers made of?

Nucleotides; nitrogenous base, pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate group

DNA

stores genetic info, encodes info for protein assembly

RNA

reads DNA-encoded info to direct protein assembly

Pyrimidines vs. Purines

single ring; cytosine, thymine uracil

double ring; adenine guanine

how are nucleotides joined?

phosphodiester bonds- when phosphae group of 5’ carbon binds to hydroxyl group on 3’ carbon of other nucleotide

Which is DNA and which is RNA?

left- dna; right- rna

what elements make up proteins

CHONS

peptide bonds

bond between a carboxyl group and amino group

primary

unique sequence of aa is a polypeptide, beginning at N-terminus and ends at C-terminus

secondary

local folding of the polypeptide; a-helix and b-pleated sheets

tertiary

chain reactions between r-groups

quarternary

interactions between several polypeptide chains

molecular chaperones

proteins that facilitate protein folding upon sunthesis or after protein denatures

what chemicals make up lipids

CH

trigycerides

glycerol backbone+ 3 fatty acids

phospholipid

glycerol backbone+ 2 fatty acid chains+phosphate

hydrophilic

dissolve in water; polar and ionic compounds

hydrophobic

don’t dissolve in water; nonpolar

bicarbonate buffer system

carbonic acid partially dissociates into H+ and CO2

what is the only macromolecule that is nonpolar/hydrophobic

lipids

cell membrane

semi-permeable membrane that separates the inside of a cell and outside environment

cholesterol

embedded between phospholipids; keep memb fluid when cold and not too fluid when hot

phospholipids with _____ ____ ____ can pack more tightly; increase rigidity

saturated fatty acids

what temperature makes the memb more rigid

cold

simple diffusion

substance moves from a high to low concentration

what substances are transported through simple diffusion

gases, small lipids and small polar molecules

osmosis

diffusion of water across a memb; high water to low water

passive transport

does not require energy (high to low)

active transport

requires energy (low to high)

what substances are transported through active transport

ions and polar molecules

facilitated diffusion

move substances down their concentration gradients through integral transmembrane proteins

what substances are transported through facilitated diffusion

ions and small polar molecules

Na+ K+ pump

active transport example

bulk transport

import/export molecules that are too big to pass through pump; active

endocytosis

cells take in molecules

exocytosis

cells release molecules