Biology Chapter 7 Study Guide
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What is the structure that makes up every living thing?
The cell.
What was Anton van Leeuwenhoek one of the first to see in the 1600's?
He observed tiny living organisms in drops of pond water through his simple microscope.
What did a thin slice of cork seem like to Robert Hooke when he observed it through a microscope?
It seems to be made of thousands of empty chambers.
What did the German botanist Matthias Schleiden conclude?
All plants are made up of cells.
What did German biologist Theodor Schwann conclude?
All animals are made up of cells.
How did Rudolph Virchow summarize his years of work?
He proposed that all cells come from existing cells.
What are the three concepts that make up the cell theory.
a. All living things are made up of cells.
b. Cells are the basic unit of life and function in living things.
c. New cells are produced from existing cells.
Why are electron microscopes capable of revealing details much smaller than those seen through light microscopes?
The electron microscopes are capable of revealing details as much as 1000x smaller than those visible in light because of the wavelength electrons are much shorter than those of light.
Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about prokaryotes.
Are all eukaryotes large, multicellular organisms?
No, large more complex cells.
(blank) organisms whose cells lack nuclei (blank)
(blank) organisms whose cell contain nuclei (blank)
prokaryotes, bacteria
eukaryotes, plants, animals, fungi, and protist
What is an organelle?
They are known as little organs.
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Circle the letter of each structure that animal cells contain.
Circle the letter or each structure that plant cells contain.
What is the function of the nucleus?
It is the control center and responsible for making proteins and molecules.
What important molecules does the nucleus contain?
Proteins, RNA, and other molecules.
The granular material within the nucleus is called (blank).
Chromatin.
What does chromatin consist of?
DNA bound to protein.
What are chromosomes?
They are threadlike structures that contain information that is passed throughout the generation of cells.
Most nuclei contain a small, dense region known as the (blank).
Nucleolus.
What occurs in the nucleolus?
It is where the assembly of ribosomes begin.
What is the nuclear envelope?
It is made up of two membranes and is dotted with thousands of pores which let materials move in and out of the nucleus.
What are ribosomes?
Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm.
What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?
Ribosomes are found on the surface of the rough ER. No ribosomes on the surface of the smooth ER.
Using the cell as a factory analogy, describe the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell.
It gathers molecules and combines them to make them more complex.
Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about lysosomes.
They contain enzymes that help synthesize lipids.
They break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.
They produce proteins that are modified by the ER.
They contain enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
What are vacuoles?
Structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
What is the role of the central vacuole in plants?
The pressure of the central vacuole in cells makes it possible for plants to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers.
How does the contractile vacuole in a paramecium help maintain homeostasis?
It helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the content of water within the cell.
Is the following sentence true or false? Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes.
True
Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic information in the form of (blank).
Small DNA molecules.
What are the mitochondria?
The power plants of the cell.
Are mitochondria found in plant cells, animal cells, or both?
Plant
Where are the chloroplasts found?
Plant cells and eukaryotic cells.
Biologist Lynn Margulis has suggested that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of what kind of organisms?
Ancient prokaryotes.
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape.
(blank) (blank) Maintain the shape, help build cilia and flagella, form centrioles in cell division.
(blank) (blank)Support the cell, help cells move.
Microtubules, hollow tubes of tubulins
Microfilaments, threadlike structures mode of action
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
It regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.
The core of nearly all cell membrane is a double-layered sheet called a (blank).
Lipid bilayer.
What is the difference in the function of the proteins and the carbohydrates attached to a cell membrane?
Some of the proteins from channels and pumps that help move materials across the membrane. Many of the carbohydrates act like chemical identification cards.
In what organisms are cell walls found?
They are found in plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes.
Is the following sentence true or false? The cell wall lies inside the cell membrane.
False
What is the main function of the cell wall?
It provides support and protection for the cell.
What are the cell walls mostly made of?
They are made mostly of cellulose.
What is the concentration of a solution?
It is the mass of the solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume.
What is diffusion?
It is the process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated.
What is meant when a system has reached equilibrium?
It means that the concentration of the solute is the same throughout the system.
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