PHIL 210 FINAL
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94 Terms
What is the central question of Presocratic philosophy?
What is the fundamental nature (archê) of reality and how change occurs.
Who were the Milesians and what did each propose as the archê?
Thales: water; Anaximander: the apeiron; Anaximenes: air.
What is the apeiron?
The boundless
What is Heraclitus’ doctrine?
Everything is in flux; unity of opposites; a rational Logos governs change.
What is Parmenides’ most important claim?
“What is
Why does Parmenides reject change?
Change requires something to come from “what is not
Why does Parmenides reject plurality?
Distinguishing multiple things requires saying one “is not” another
What are Parmenides’ two Ways?
The Way of Truth (Being is one and unchanging) and the Way of Opinion (deceptive appearances).
What is monism?
The doctrine that reality is fundamentally one.
What is dualism?
The view that reality consists of two distinct kinds of things or realms (intelligible and sensible).
What is pluralism?
Reality consists of many fundamental elements (e.g.
What is the core belief of the Pythagoreans?
Reality is fundamentally mathematical; number and harmony explain cosmic structure.
What is the Sophists’ philosophical focus?
Rhetoric and persuasion rather than truth.
What is Socratic wisdom?
Knowing that one does not know.
What is the elenchus?
Socratic questioning that exposes contradictions and clarifies definitions.
What is the main question of the Protagoras?
Is virtue one or many
What is Socrates’ argument that virtue equals knowledge?
All virtues require knowledge of good and bad; therefore virtue is a unified form of knowledge.
What does Socrates argue about courage?
Courage is knowledge of what is truly fearful
What are the charges in the Apology?
Corrupting the youth and impiety.
Why does Socrates refuse to stop philosophizing?
He believes he has a divine mission; “the unexamined life is not worth living.”
What is the central question of the Republic?
What is justice
What are Cephalus’ and Polemarchus’ definitions of justice?
Cephalus: repay debts/tell truth; Polemarchus: help friends
What is Thrasymachus’ definition of justice?
Justice is the advantage of the stronger.
What is Glaucon’s challenge?
Prove justice is intrinsically good
What is the city–soul analogy?
Justice in the city and soul share structure: three parts doing proper functions.
What are the three classes of the city?
Rulers (wisdom)
What are the three parts of the soul?
Reason
How does Plato define justice in the soul?
Harmony: reason rules
What does the Sun symbolize?
The Form of the Good
What are the four levels on the Divided Line?
Imagination
What does the Cave allegory illustrate?
The ascent from ignorance to knowledge; education turns the soul toward the Good.
Why must philosophers rule?
Only they know the Forms and especially the Good.
What is the Form of the Good?
The highest Form; cause of all truth
What is Plato’s method in the Philebus?
Distinguishing the limited (peras) from the unlimited (apeiron) to evaluate pleasure and knowledge.
What is Plato’s conclusion about pleasure vs. knowledge?
Knowledge is superior; the best life is a measured mixture dominated by intellect.
What is Aristotle’s critique of Forms?
Forms are unnecessary duplicates; universals exist within things.
What are Aristotle’s Four Causes?
Material
What is eudaimonia?
Activity of the soul in accordance with virtue over a complete life.
What is the Function Argument?
Human good is excellent rational activity
What is virtue for Aristotle?
A mean between excess and deficiency determined by reason.
What does Aristotle mean by “philosophy begins in wonder”?
Wonder motivates the search for causes and principles.
How does Plato respond to Parmenides?
By positing two realms: unchanging Forms and changing sensible things.
How does Aristotle solve the problem of change?
Through potentiality and actuality; change is the actualization of potential.
What is the difference between opinion and knowledge for Plato?
Opinion concerns the changing physical world; knowledge concerns the eternal Forms.
Why is justice intrinsically good for Plato?
It produces inner harmony in the soul.
Why must the philosopher return to the Cave?
To help others and govern
What unites Socrates
Plato
Note 
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