Notes on Ancient History Term 3 HATSHEPSUT

Hatshepsut

5th pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty of Egypt.

Ahhotep

Queen, daughter of Queen Tetisheri, regent to the young King Ahmose.

Ahmose I

First king of the 18th dynasty, credited with the final removal of the Hyksos.

Amenhotep I

King, son of Ahmose I.

Anubis

God of embalming and the dead.

Thutmose I

King of the 18th Dynasty from 1503-1493 BC.

Thutmose III

King of the 18th Dynasty from 1479-1425 BC.

Horus

God of the sky.

Nile River

Crucial geographical feature of Egypt, flowing from south to north.

Kemet

Black land (fertile) in ancient Egypt.

Deshret

Red land (desert) in ancient Egypt.

God-king

The title used for Pharaoh, signifying divine status.

Amun-Re

Imperial god of Egypt, regarded as the Pharaoh's father.

Maat

Divine order established during creation, which the king must uphold.

Osiris

God of the dead and ruler of the underworld.

Senenmut

The most trusted government official of Hatshepsut.

Ammut

Egyptian afterlife figure, the devourer of hearts.

Herodotus

Greek historian of the mid-5th century BC.

Isis

Wife of Osiris, mother of Horus, and a major goddess in Egypt.

Amenhotep II

Son of Thutmose III.

Hyksos

Foreign rulers of Egypt before the 18th dynasty.

Papyrus

Plant used for making paper, footwear, baskets, and boats.

The Nile

Essential for the survival and agriculture of ancient Egypt.

Flooding of the Nile

Occurs June to September, replenishing fertile silt for farming.

Peret

Season from October to February when crops are planted.

Shemu

Season from March to June when crops are harvested.

Upper Egypt

Stretches from Memphis to Aswan, has a dryer climate.

Lower Egypt

Stretches from Memphis to the northern delta region with a milder climate.

Vizier

The second to the Pharaoh, head of administration.

Economy of New Kingdom Egypt

Based on extensive foreign trade and agriculture.

Queens and women in Egypt

Granted considerable freedom and legal rights.

Military innovations

Introduced by the Hyksos, including horse-drawn chariots.

Thoth

God of writing and knowledge, depicted as a man with the head of an ibis.

Hatshepsut’s titles

Included 'God's Wife of Amun' and 'King Maat Ka Re'.

Divine Birth

Propaganda used by Hatshepsut to justify her reign.

Deir el-Bahri

Hatshepsut's mortuary temple dedicated to Amun.

Karnak Temple

Religious capital of Egypt and center for the cult of Amun.

Scribes

Skilled individuals in ancient Egypt responsible for writing.

Rituals in ancient Egypt

Performed by pharaohs to maintain favor with the gods.

Pyramids

Tombs that ensured the survival of the king's influence.

The Book of the Dead

A collection of spells for use in the afterlife.

Hatshepsut's economic policies

Focused on trade, particularly with Punt, and reconstruction projects.

Obelisks

Monumental structures often erected to commemorate the Pharaoh.

Senenmut's role

Chief steward of Amun and a trusted advisor to Hatshepsut.

Military campaigns under Hatshepsut

Focused mainly on diplomatic trade rather than conquests.

Amun's significance

Considered the hidden one and closely associated with Pharaohs.

Cedar from Lebanon

Resource sought after by Hatshepsut during her reign.

Turquoise from Sinai

Valuable resource traded by ancient Egyptians.

Papyrus plant

Grew abundantly along the banks of the Nile.

Building programs of Hatshepsut

Designed to showcase her power and devotion to the gods.

Hatshepsut's expansion policies

Included military and diplomatic strategies to enhance Egypt's wealth.

Tax system in ancient Egypt

Based on grain collection and redistribution.

Social mobility in ancient Egypt

Limited but possible to some extent within defined classes.

Religious beliefs of ancient Egyptians

Foundation of their society, heavily polytheistic.

Hatshepsut's legacy

Significant due to her unusual position as a female Pharaoh.

Golden flies of valor

Award received by Ahhotep for her contributions.

Claim to the throne

Often justified through divine birth or royal connections.

Meretites

Historical figure significant in Hatshepsut’s family background.

Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple features

3 stepped terraces linked by central ramps.

Agricultural practices in ancient Egypt

Dependent on the predictable flooding of the Nile.

Kingdom of Kush

Ruled by vassal kings under Egyptian influence during Hatshepsut's reign.

Hatshepsut’s portrayals

Often depicted in male attire, reinforcing her power.

Ancient Egyptian social structure

Divided into classes with clear distinctions.

Cultural practices in ancient Egypt

Integrated religious significance into daily life.

Hatshepsut's naval expeditions

Included voyages to ensure trade with Punt.

Divine kingship

Concept central to the authority of Pharaoh in Egypt.

Herodotus's view

Said Egypt was 'the gift of the Nile'.

Seasonal roles of the Nile

Determined agriculture and civil activities in Egypt.

Hatshepsut's unique status

As female Pharaoh, she claimed power through unique narratives.

Dynastic succession in ancient Egypt

Often complicated by female rulers asserting authority.

Hatshepsut's regency

Assumed power as regent for her stepson, Thutmose III.

Hatshepsut's building legacy

Included the restoration of temples damaged during the Hyksos rule.

Nile Delta

Fertile area crucial for agriculture in ancient Egypt.

Importance of loyalty

In relationships with officials like Senenmut and Hapuseneb.

Military strategies of the New Kingdom

Focused on expansion and regional dominance.

Trade networks

Key factor in the prosperity of the New Kingdom.

Role of priests

Significant influence, controlling temples and religious practices.

Nobility in ancient Egypt

Held power through wealth and connection to the Pharaoh.

Hatshepsut's administration

Utilized her bureaucratic system to stabilize and expand Egypt.

Influence of foreign trade on economy

Helped sustain economic growth through resource acquisition.

Role of the pharaoh in religion

Believed to maintain balance and favor from the gods.

Cultural achievements of the New Kingdom

Prominent in arts, architecture, and literature.

Importance of mummification

Practiced for royalty to ensure a safe passage to the afterlife.

Deification of Pharaohs

Often included in tombs and temples to reinforce their divine status.

Ancient Egyptian writing system

Utilized hieroglyphics for religious and administrative purposes.

Hatshepsut's expedition to Punt

Considered a significant achievement in trade and resources.

Thutmosid dynasty

Refers to the line of Pharaohs descending from Thutmose I.

Hatshepsut's imagery

Carefully crafted to portray her as a legitimate ruler.

New Kingdom military structure

Strong dependence on a permanent army for defense and offense.

Ahmose's military campaigns

Crucial in expelling the Hyksos and reunifying Egypt.

Role of women in ancient Egypt

Varied significantly; some wielded considerable power.