Western Civilization Final Paige Malizzi

When was the “Beginning” of Western Civilization as a Self-Conscious Entity?

A: When the Greco-Roman Society becomes Christianized & began to see itself as distinct from Islamic and Eastern Civilizations

Values of Western Civilization

The fundamental value: Christianity

Democracy and representative government

Limited government & government by consent

Rule of law

Individual liberty of conscience

Individual human rights

Economic freedom and free markets

Openness to science and technology

Toleration of religious and political dissent  

Eastern Byzantine Empire Flourishing

Flourishing under Justinian and Theodora

Attain absolute power but was benvolent.

great ruler

body of civil law:corpus Juris Civilis

Great City: Constantinople

Great buildings, (eg. Hagia Sophia)

The Western Empire and the Invasion of the Germanic Tribes

Ostrogoths conquered Rome

angles and saxons Invade Britain

Franks and Consolidate Under Clovis

Europe becomes more agrarian-more agricultural

The elevation of Women

Large families

Agricultural Revolution

Heavy Plow

Developments in Crop Rotations

Rise of Agricultural Manor and Feudalism

The Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons

Britons driven to the mountains of the North and West

Monks from Iona (esp.Aidan) re-Christianized England

Gregory I (540-604) sends Augustine to England

Canterbury was established as a center of Christianity

Alfred the Great spreads Christianity

Cnut and Edward the Confessor were the last great Christian kings of the Anglo-Saxon period

The Rise of the Medieval Papacy

Gregory the Great

monastic background

John Calvin referred to him as the last good pope.

Gave the Middle Ages its view of purgatory

Reformed the liturgy (Gregorian Chant)

Increase in political power; decline in spirituality.

The Rise of Islam

Mohammed was born in Mecca in Saudi Arabia (570)

Received monotheism from Jews and Arian Christians

Encounter with Gabriel-Quran

The Hegira:Flight from Mecca to Medina

Return to Mecca and Conquest

Mohammed dies

Conquests of Islam

Jerusalem conquered in 637

Syria, Egypt, Mesopatamia, and Persia

Arabs enter Spain

The Franks Charles Martel defeat the Muslims at the Battle of Tours

Muslims remain in Spain until 1492

The 5 pillars of Islam

Confession that there is no God but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet

Offering up prayers five times a day facing Mecca

Giving of Alms

Fasting during the month of Ramdan from sunrise to sunset

Pilgramage to Mecca once in a lifetime.

The Rise of the Franks

The Franks (Charles Martel) defeat the Muslims at the Battle of Tours

Charles-Pepin the Short-Charlemagne

Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor in 800

This established the Holy Roman Empire, which remained throughout the Middle Ages.

The Increasing Power of the Papacy

Pope Innocent III made Henry beg for repentance

View of the papacy over civil authorities: King John’s conflict with Innocent III

Fourth Lantern Council: Dominion over the world! Transubstantiation

The State of the Church

Blind Faith

Low Biblical Literacy

Superstitions

Fear of Purgatory

Doctrine of Penance

Indulgences

East/ West division (1054)

The Norman Conquest of England

Death of Edward the Confessor, 1066

Conquest of William I, 1066-Parliament starts with him

King John and the Magna Carta

Popular Rebellions against King John (1214)

Magna Carta signed by King John (1215)

The crusades

7 major crusades that focused on freeing Jerusalem from Muslim rule

Results:

Heightened religious experience for some

New Monastaries orders emerged

interest and trade of relics increased

increased emnity between muslims and Greeks

East-West trade encouraged

Arabic learning brought to Europe

Increased the sale of indulgences

Hundred Years war

England and France on and off fighting fought over succession to the throne.

England Gained control of half of France

Memorable:Henry Vs victory at Agincourt

Memorable:Joan of Arc Rallied the French in 1429

France was de itselfvastated; the French monarchy strengthened

French Nationalism Encouraged

Power of the British Parliament Strengthened.

Turks Overrun Constantinople

Byzantine empire ends.

Black Death

Boubonic plague

1/3 to ½ population of Europe died

Rats and fleas

bad air-bad blood

curse of God

Decline in the Power of the Papacy

Decline under Pope Boniface VIII

Boniface vs. King Philip IV of France

Boniface’s Unam Sanctum

The Avignon Papacy: moved the bishop of Rome to france

Great Papal Schism: 3 popes-all said they were the true pope

Conciliar Reform Movement

Council of Pisa- now three popes

Council of Constance-ended the schism

Pius II’s Excrabilis-ended conciliar reform

Calls for Reform

John Wycliffe:

Oxford Professor

reforms attached to English Nationalism

called for radical church reforms

authority:apostolic Scripturer, Not the pope!

Translated the Bible into English

Found a group of Lay-Preachers (Lollards)

John Huss:

Echoed Wycliffe’s views in Bohemia

Burned at the stake in 1415

Elements of Renaissance Thought

ad fontes-return to the sources

Sophistic Philosophy (Man is the measure of all things

humanism petrarch father of humanism.

It began in italy in florence and rome

Renaissance Politics

Renaissance political thought (e.g. Machiavelli) was pragmatic and secular in orientation, seeing religion as a tool for political control. Art is more realistic now than in the Middle Ages.

Renaissance Art

copying the greeks

same emphasis on balance order and symmetry

realism

Northern Renaissance Humanists

Erasmus of Rotterdam was a leading Christian humanist

Erasmus wrote a biting satire against human pride and arrogance called In Praise of Folly

Erasmus’s Greek New Testament contributed greatly to the rise of Protestantism

Johann Gutenberg’s printing press

moveable type allowed for the mass production of printed texts and the rapid spread of ideas.

Viking Exploration of North America Before Columbus

The hight point of viking raids 800-1100

Vikings in Newfoundland in 1000

Venice’s Trade Monopoly Before 1492

Venice made a ton of money from trade to support the arts and architecture. Supports the Renaissance

Spices Silks

Other countries wanted to make a profit and spread Christianity

Portuguese Explorations

Prince Henry starts his school of navigation in 1420

Bartholomew Diaz- Reached Indian Ocean

Vasco de Gama-Reached India in 1498

Portuguese reach the Spice Islands (1512)

Portuguese reach China (1513)

John Cabot

The Grand Banks of Newfoundland

Christopher Columbus

Columbus first presented his idea of attempting to sail west to the King of Portugal who rejected his ideas.

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain agreed to fund his venture.

Columbus never found anything of great value on his voyages. He never knew that he had “discovered the new world.” He died believing he had failed to achieve anything of value.

Luther’s reasons for joining an Augustinian monastery

Luther fear of being before the face of God

Luther went to Rome to try to have less fear.

Luther’s doctrine of justification

            The medieval Catholic view of justification (on the basis of inner moral transformation)

Luther’s view of justification (on the basis of Christ’s perfect righteousness outside of us [extra nos])

How does Christ’s righteousness become ours in God’s eyes? (Imputation; through a faith-union with Christ)

            The law/gospel distinction

            Simul Justus et Peccator

Luther’s 95 Theses

Pope Leo X and Johann Teztel’s Indulgence

October 31, 1517-The start of the reformation

The Diet of Worms

Martin Luther Stands before the emperors and says he is standing on his conscience and the word of God.

Luther’s Reform Efforts

The Priesthood of All Believers

            The Bondage of the Will

            The German Bible

            Response to the Peasants and the Peasants’ War

            Marriage to Katherine von Bora

            First Diet of Speyer

            Second Diet of Speyer

            Peace of Augsburg

Zwingli’s Reforms

Marburg Colloquy- Luther and Zwingli attempt to unite

Zwingli believed in infant baptism

Anabaptists

Rejected Zwingli’s Covenant Argument for Infant Baptism

Born Again into the church

Later groups are Mennonites, Hutterites, Amish

John Calvin’s Reforms in Geneva

Leading theologian and Bible teacher of Reformed Protestantism.

Author of The Institutes of the Christian Religion

The French Reformation

King Francis I rejects Protestantism

Persecution began in 1534

St. Bartholemew’s Day Massacre-August 1572

Toleration Granted in 1598; Revoked in 1685

The Dutch Reformation

win independence from Spain and control of the government)

The Fate of the Reformation in Spain and France

It doesn’t adopt protestantism and the protestants their are persecuted. In spain have to face the inquisition. French Protestants called hugonots were persecuted. Underground persecuted movement.

The Catholic Counter-Reformation

Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits

                        Loyola’s view of intellectual submission to the teaching of the institutional Church

            The Inquisition

            The Council of Trent

The Five Solas of the Protestant Reformation

Sola Scriptura-Scripture alone

Solus Christus-through Christ

Sola Fide through faith alone

Sola Gratia-grace alone

Soli Deo Gloria

Henry VIII

•Catherine of Aragon – Divorced (Mother of Mary I; no sons) split with the catholic church at this point

•Anne Boleyn – Beheaded (Mother of Elizabeth I; no sons)

•Jane Seymour – Died (Mother of Edward IV)

•Anne of Cleves – Divorced

•Catherine Howard – Beheaded

•Catherine Parr – Survived

Thomas Cranmer

church remained Catholic in liturgy and doctrine

monastaries dissolved english bible authorized

The Reformation from the Ground Up

Cambridge Leaders (Cranmer, Ridley, Latimer)

            William Tyndale

            Tyndale’s Work and Associates (Miles Coverdale and John Rodgers)

            Tyndale’s Death and Final Prayer

Church Reforms under Henry VIII

Dissolving the Monasteries

            Authorizing the English Bible

Church Reforms under Edward VI

Examination of the Clergy

            Moves toward Protestantism (Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer)

Church Reform under Mary I

Lady Jane Grey

            Mary’s efforts to bring the Church back to Rome

            Persecutions under Mary

Church Reform Under Elizabeth

The Elizabethan Settlement

            The Elizabethan Period

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada

The Infant Queen: Mary, Queen of Scots

Mary became queen when six days old

mary spent her formative years in France

Merchants and Barons Became Nervous About French Influence and Began Exerting Scottish Nationalism

The Scottish Parliament Eventually Embraced the Reformation in 1560

Patrick Hamilton

1 protestant martyr in Scotland

fled scotland

believes pope is anti christ

goes back to scotland after a few weeks condemns to die burned at stake slowly.

George Wishart

Martyred burned at the stake

Cardinal Beaton

he is the one that burned both of patrick and george. He was very bad cardinal over Scottland. Had illegatament children, mistresses and more.

John Knox

wisharts body guard

Impact of Biblical Reformation

Recovery of Biblical Christianity

Spiritual Revival

Theological Developments

Roman Catholic Dominance Broken

Wars of Religion

Rise of Individualism

Artistic Flourishing

The Elizabethan Settlement and Different Responses to it

Anglo-Catholics

Moderate Anglican Protestants

Puritans (for: spiritual Christianity; against formalism and ritualism)

Separatists:

Separatists were punished severely by the authorities

The American Pilgrims were Separatists

The Baptists emerged out of separatism.

Church Reform Under James I

Hampton Court Conference (Puritan hopes were dashed!)

            James’ View of Church Government (Episcopalian – No bishop, no king!)

            The King James Bible

Church Reform Under Charles I

Puritan Migrations to America

            Charles I and Parliament

            William Laud

                        Laud’s treatment of nonconforming Puritans

                        Laud Provokes a War with Scotland

English Civil War

Charles reluctantly called a parliement in 1640 to raise money against the Scots.

Parliament resisted Charles, Which eventually led to a Civil War between the king and the Puritan parliament

Parliament joined with the Scots and won in 1651

William Saud is executed in 1645

Charles I is executed in 1649

The Westminster Assembly

During the English Civil War, Parliament calls an assembly of theologians (known as the Westminster Assembly) to meet and assist it with carrying out church reform in England

Assembly’s Confession of Faith and Catechisms become foundational for the development of English Protestantism

Presbyterians

Baptists

Congretionalists

The Interregnum

England is controlled by the Puritan Parliament and Oliver Cromwell from 1649 to 1660

The Commonwealth Period ends when Cromwell dies in 1658 and no successor arises.

The Return of Charles I

The Act of Uniformity and the Great Ejection (1662)

            The Conventicle Act

            The Five Mile Act

            The Killing Times in Scotland

James II

is a roman Catholic

Absolutism of the Stuarts

James I- The True Law of Free Monarchy

Monarchs have God-given Absolute Rights

The Only Resistance allowed: “passive obedience

Charles I

Repeated his father’s assertions

Dissolved Parliament for eleven years

Attempted to rule with absolute power

British Arguments for Absolutism

Robert Filmer-Patriarcha

Argued for the hereditary successin of monarchs

Thomas Hobbes Leviathan

Argued for state absolutism

The state must have absolute power over individuals

Man in a state of nature is like a wolf

life without government would be bad

governments are free to oppress individuals in order to keep order and so preserve life.

French Arguments for Absolutism

Louis XIV-The Sun King

French absolutism reaches its pinnacle in Louis

L’etat, c’est moi- I am the state

Aristocratic Baroque Art And Architecture

Jean Bodin

Argued that absolute authority is needed in order to keep order

Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet

Argued that the Bible teaches political absolutism.

The Reformed Protestant Rejection of Absolutism

Reformed theologians long argued that the submission required in Romans 13 is not absolute and not all who assume political power are to be obeyed.

Reasons Why Absolutism Took Root in France but not in England

British Rights and Liberties the magna carta

Protestantism

French remain Roman Catholic

The Nature of the Enlightenment

The Enlightment was an intellectual movement that stressed the primacy of reasoning and the human intellect.

Continental Rationalism

Rene Descartes

                        Descartes’s religious commitment

Descartes’s goal, model, method, starting point

                        Descartes’s “turn to the self”

            Other rationalists: Spinoza, Leibniz

 French philosophes

                                    Voltaire

                                    Rousseau

            Blaise Pascal

British Empiricism

Forerunner: Francis Bacon

            The method of inductive reasoning

            John Locke

                        Knowledge comes through sensation and reflection on that sensation

                        The mind is a tabula rasa

                        Locke’s representation theory of knowledge

            Bishop George Berkeley

                        Idealism

            David Hume

                        Enlightenment philosopher and Enlightenment critic

                        Hume on the limits of knowledge

                        Hume’s skepticism

                        Hume’s separation of knowledge and belief

 

Immanuel Kant

            Synthesized elements of rationalism and empiricism

            Kant’s theory of knowledge

            The role of the mind in constructing reality

            Kant’s noumenal/phenomenal distinction

            Kant’s subjectivizing of all knowledge

A Christian Response to the Enlightenment

Foundations for certainty & salvation from vicious subjectivity: creation & revelation

                        General revelation: innate sense of the divine, conscience, nature

                        Special verbal revelation: the words of Scripture

Christianity’s Relationship to the Rise of Science

The intellectual pre-conditions of science

            Roman Catholic persecution of heretics

                        The geocentrism of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Aquinas

            Protestant difficulties with heliocentrism

            The religious commitment of many early scientists

The Contributions of Early Scientist

Nicolaus Copernicus

Tycho Brahe

Johannes Kepler

Francis Bacon

Galileo Galilei

            Robert Boyle

            Isaac Newton

The Early Calls for Religious Toleration in England

John Owen

John Locke

The Early Progress of Religious Liberty in America

New England Pilgrims and Puritans

            Roger Williams

            William Penn

            Religious liberty and the American Revolution  

The Glorious Revolution

Parliament’s deposing of James II

            William and Mary

            The Effects of the Glorious Revolution: Parliamentary Supremacy & Ending Stuart Absolutism

            The Response of the Stuarts

The Bill of Rights

            The Act of Toleration (1689)

            The Glorious Revolution in America

                        Edmund Andros

                        The First Revolution in America

Challenges to Religious Liberty and Going Forward

Christian religious liberty is one of the crowning achievements in the development of Western Civilization.

Growing political absolutism and rising religions intolerance pose a real threat to Western Civilization.

The Christian accomplishment of ordered liberty and christian religious tolerance that the west has achieved is to be appreciated guarded and spread.

Dates to Know

500–1500 – The Middle Ages

610 – The Beginning of Islam

800 – Charlemagne Crowned Holy Roman Emperor

1215 – The Fourth Lateran Council

1215 – King John Signs the Magna Carta

1450 – The Invention of the Printing Press

1492 – Columbus Crosses the Atlantic

1516 – Erasmus Publishes his Greek New Testament

1517 – Luther Posts the 95 Theses

1534 – The English Act of Supremacy

1558–1603 – The Reign of Elizabeth I

1642–1651 – The English Civil War

1662 – The English Act of Uniformity

1688 – The Glorious Revolution

1689 – The Act of Toleration