ARTH 343: Exam 3

Dates of the Mexican Revolution

November 20th 1910 - December 1st 1920

Name at least two Spanish colonies that the USA acquired in the Spanish-American war of 1898

Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Guam

Date and define the “Porfiriato”

1876 - 1911, Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorship in Mexico in which high priority was placed on modernization and foreign investments(including railroads), and freedom of the press(among other personal liberties) was heavily restricted

Define the FSA and its relation to photography

Farm Security Administration, Roosevelt administration asked photographers to document the lives of economically struggling rural laborers(including Puerto Ricans), as evidence of the “before and after”, heroizing of laborers

Define and date the “braceros” program

1942 - 1964, Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program, FSA program in which millions of Mexicans were brought into the United States to work on farms

Define “modernismo”

An artistic movement starting in the late 19th century that was highly symbolic, idealized, and inspired by poetry, a major influence on the design and construction of Brasilia

Describe the ideological statement of Leandro Izaguirre’s Torture of Cuahtemoc(1893)

The heroism of indigenous populations in the history of Mexico, the brutality of Spanish colonialism, retelling the story of the colonial conquest of Mexico

Define the “Taller de Grafica Popular” (Popular Graphics Workshop)

The printmaking workshop, led by Leopoldo Mendez, in which mainly lino-cuts, woodcuts, and lithographs were produced, with emphasis on socially-conscious, public, and political art

Define and date the Mexican Mural Renaissance

1920’s - 1950’s, Mexican government commisioned muralists to educate and inspire the public about Mexican history and the future, political messages placed in very public spaces

The “tres grandes” of the Mexican Mural Renaissance

Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and José Clemente Orozco

Date and context(where published) of Siquieros’ manifesto

Written in 1922, published in 1924 in El Machete, “Manifesto of the Union of Mexican Workers, Technicians, Painters and Sculptors”

Primary goals of Siquieros’s “Manifesto”

Call to arms, emphasis on the Mestizo race and Indian traditions, rejecting European influences, art should be public, useful, and monumental(educational for everyone)

Way that Rivera’s “Creation” is NOT in line with the goals of the Manifesto

Very strongly influenced by European artistic traditions(namely, the Italian “Virgin and Child” and other European depictions of the virgin"), gilded halos, symmetrically composed around a central figure

Ways that Rivera’s “Creation” IS in line with the goals of the Manifesto

depicts darker skinned figures(indigenous), compares the creation of humanity in the Christian ideology to the creation of Mexico following the revolution

Define indigenismo

The belief in fostering native values, customs, and traditions from the pre-colonial era

Primary concerns of Jose Carlos Mariategui’s essay on the “indian question”

Peruvian writer, ensuring access to land for indigenous populations, exploitation and socio-economic factors rather than just race

How indigenism is reflected in the work of Martin Chambi

Documented in extremely sharp focus the people of Peru who still practice indigenous traditions/customs, very focussed on indigenous clothing and labor, “Campesino Gigante de Paruro” closely depicts an indigenous rural laborer on a blank, contrast-ey background seemingly untouched by colonialism