Protists and Eukaryotes

are prokaryotes paraphyletic, monophyletic, or polyphyletic

paraphyletic

did prokaryotes come before or after the nucleus

before. prokaryotes lack a nucleus

are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular

unicellular

true/false: prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus

true

true/false: prokaryotes have cellulose or chitin

false. prokaryotes have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan polymer

what are the sub-phylums under the prokaryote

bacteria and archea

what was the name of the microbe that led scientists to believe that eukaryotes evolved from archae

LOKI

what are the subphylums of eukaryotes

\-protists

\-fungi

\-plantae

\-animalia

what is a eukaryote

an organism with a membrane enclosed nucleus and organelles

what was the first step in the eukaryotic transformation

a flexible cell surface appeared (loss of a firm cell wall)

what are the benefits of a flexible cell surface

\- INFOLDING (adds surface area to the cell without increasing the cell volume)

\- allows for an increased complexity

what is the second step in the eukaryotic transformation

phagocytosis

what is phagocytosis

when one cell takes in another cell that it will eventually digest

what is endosymbiosis

when one cell eats another and is not able to digest it

what is primary endosymbiosis

when a eukaryotic cell eats a prokaryotic cellw

what did primary endosymbiosis create

the mitochondria

what is secondary endosymbiosis

when a eukaryotic cell eats another eukaryotic cell

what did secondary endosymbiosis create

the chloroplast

what did the mitochondria evolve from

the proteobacterium

what did the chloroplast evolve from

cyanobacterium

true/false: the eukaryotic cell is a fusion of different lineages (archaea and bacteria)

true

what is the evidence supporting endosymbiosis

\-mitochondria and chloroplasts both have their own DNA

\-mitochondria and chloroplasts both are surrounded by 2 outer membranes

\-mitochondria are the same size as bacteria

what is a protist

\-eukaryotes that are not animals, fungi, or plants

\-they are simple and multi-celled organisms with nuclei

what is included in a protist

protozoa, algae, water molds, and slime molds

what is a synapomorphy of an excavate (protist)

an excavated groove on the side of the cell body

what are organisms that are excavates (protist)

\-diplomonads (*Giardia lamblia*)

\-euglenozoans (*Trypanosoma*)

what is a diplomonad (protist)

\-a group of flagellates (most are parasitic)

\-2 equally sized nuclei

\-mitostomes (degenerate mitochondria)

\-most common intestinal parasite in the US

\-frequent hot tubs (water-borne)

what is a euglenozoan (protist)

\-”sleeping sickness” (tropical disease spread by the bite of a tsetse fly)

\-trypanosoma (free-living or pathogenic)

what is the synapomorphy of the alveolate

\-alveoli

what are alveoli

\-balloon like structures just beneath the cell membrane

\-they support cell structure

what is an example of an alveolate (protist)

the dinoflagellates

what are the characteristics of the dinoflagellates

\-2 flagella (one in an equatorial grove, the other on the longitudinal photoautotrophs)

\-some freshwater but most are marine

\-bioluminescent

true/false: dinoflagellates are endosymbionts of coral

true

what are achaeplastida (protist)

\-monophyletic

\-very diverse (unicellular to colonial)

what is an example of an archaeplastida

\-red/green algae

\-land plants

\-volvox

what is the synapomorphy of a unikont (protist)

DNA

what is an example of a unikont

\-amoebozoans (slime molds)

\-opisthokonts (fungi, choanoflagellates)

\-animals

what is an amoebozoa (slime molds)

a single-cell mass of cytoplasm that is undivided by a plasma membrane

what is chlorophyll B

a type of chlorophyll that increased the spectra available for photosynthesis

what is green algae (plant)

\-freshwater

\-marine

\-symbionts

\-most are single-celled

what are some examples of green algae

\-chlamydomonas

\-spirogyra

\-volvox

\-lichen

what is alternation of generations

a life cycle where there is a sporophyte and a gametophyte

is the sporophyte a diploid form or a haploid form

diploid form

is the gametophyte a diploid form or a haploid form

haploid form

is alternation of generations a characteristic of land plants or marine plants

land plants

what are some problems associated with plants moving to land

\-desiccation

\-physical support

\-movement of nutrients

\-increased UV radiation

what is a liverwort (plants)

\-simplest of land plants

\-they attach using hair-like rhizoids

\-nonvascular

liverwort: gametophyte or sporophyte

gametophyte (1n)

liverwort: gametophyte or sporophyte

sporophyte (2n)

what are some characteristics of moss (plants)

\-form lush mats

\-larger and more complex than liverworts

\-nonvascular

what are some characteristics of vascular plants

\-stomata

\-waxy cuticle

what does the stomata do

control water loss during gas exchange

what does a waxy cuticle do

reduces desiccation

what is the moss reproductive cycle

a multicellular diploid stage and a multicellular haploid stage

what are some benefits to moving to land

\-more open niches

\-reduced competition

\-more sunlight

\-more carbon dioxide

\-rich soils

what are characteristics of the lycophte (club mosses) (plants)

\-true, branching roots

\-microphylls (small vascularized leaves)

\-vascular system

\-independent, branching sporophyte (2n)

what is a xylem

transfers water and nutrients throughout the plant and provides structural support

what is a phloem

carries food produced by leaves throughout the plant

what is a tracheid

provide mechanical support to the plant and aid in water/nutrient/food transportation

what are some characteristics of the fern (plants)

\-small gametophyte, large sporophyte

\-gametes have flagella

\-large leaves

why are big leaves beneficial

\-competition for sunlight

\-enlarged surface area for photosynthesis

is the sporophyte of the gametophyte the dominant gamete in ferns

the sporophyte

what are the characteristics of the horsetail

\-small gametophyte, large sporophyte

\-secondary reduction of leaves

\-flagellated gametes need to swim

what are the gymnosperms (plants)

\-naked seeds

\-multicellular gametophyte but no longer photosynthetic

what are some examples of the gymnosperm

\-cycads

\-ginkgo

\-conifers

is pollen the male or female gametophyte

male

is the seed the male or female gametophyte

female

true/false: the seed is desiccation resistant and packed with nutrients

true

what are some characteristics of the angiosperm (plants)

\-covered seeds

\-double fertilization

\-flowers and fruit

what is double fertilization

when one sperm fertilizes the egg and produces a diploid sporophyte (2n) and then a second sperm combines with 2 haploid nuclei to form an endosperm (3n)

what are some examples of an angiosperm

\-monocots

\-eudicots

what are the 4 fungal lifestyles

\-saprobic

\-parasitic

\-predatory

\-mutualistic

what does a saprobic lifestyle mean

takes nutrients from nonliving organic matter

what does a parasitic lifestyle mean

dependent on their host and takes nutrients through a parasitic interaction

what is an example of a parasitic lifestyle

*Cordyceps* affecting ants

what does a predatory lifestyle mean

\-fungi are active predators

\-adhesives

\-constricting ring

what does a mutualistic lifestyle mean

when both parties benefit

what is an example of mutualistic lifestyle

\-lichen

what are lichen considered to be

pioneer organisms

what are chytrids (fungi)

\-single celled

\-aquatic

\-parasiticw

what is an example of a chytrid

*-Zoospores*

what are chytrids responsible for

amphibian population crashes

what are mucoromycetes (fungi)

\-fast growing molds

what are examples of mucoromycetes

\-*Rhizopus*

\-*AM fungi*

what is *AM fungi*

\-mutualistic relationship with plants

\-helps with plant nutrition

what are examples of dikarya

\-Ascomycetes (sac fungi)

\-Basidiomycetes (club fungi)

what is the synapomorphy of the ascomycetes (sac fungi)

ascus

what is the ascus

it is the cell where meiosis occurs in the ascomycetes

what is an example of an ascomycetes

*Saccharomyces cerevisiae* or yeast

what is a basidiomycetes

\-”true fungi”

what is the synapomorphy of the basidiomycetes

the basidium

what is the basidium

the cell in where meiosis occurs in the basidiomycetes

by definition what are yeast

unicellular

are chytrids unicellular or multicellular

unicellular

what is the protist that metazoas (animals) evolved from

the choanoflagellate

what are the 2 major evolutionary branches under metazoa (animals)

\-parazoans

\-eumetazoans

what are parazoans

have no distinct tissue

what are eumetazoans

have distinct, specialized tissue

what is an example of a parazoan

porifera

what is a porifera

sponges