bio 2 lecture 2

**CHITIN**

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* found in insect and crustacean exoskeletons

what are fungi cell walls made of?

**SEPTAL PORES=ONE CYTOPLASM**

what are all hyphae connected via?

**ALL INTERCONNECTED HYPHAE**

what is mycelium?

**MYCELIUM**

what is the main body of the fungus?

**UNDERGOUND**

where is the MYCELIUM located?

**FRUITING BODY**

what is the __**reproductive part**__ of the fungus?

**HYPHAE**

* mushroom part

what is the __fruiting body__ made of?

**STIPE**

what is the stalk/stem of the __fungi__ called?

**CAP**

what is the top dome of the __fungi__ called?

**SPORES**

what is the haploid reproductive cells called?

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(what fungi use INSTEAD of seeds)

**FRAGMENTATION, BUDDING, ASEXUAL SPORES**

what are the three types of __asexual fungal reproduction?__

**BUDDING**

**IT IS ASEXUAL**

what is this? is this asexual or sexual?

**FRAGMENTATION**

what is this? is this asexual or sexual?

**ASEXUAL SPORES**

what is this?

**because of environmental conditions, such as lack of nitrogen.**

why would fungi shift to sexual reproduction?

**6 MONOPHYLETIC GROUPS**

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(Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota)

how many groups do kingdom fungi have?

**BEING MUTUALISTIC, PARASITIC, OR FREE-LIVING**

how do fungi succeed?

**in YEASTS or MYCELIA**

how do fungi form?

**SINGLE CELLS w/ WALL**

what do hyphae consist of?

**UNUSUAL TISSUE ORGANIZATION**

what does fungal reproduction reflect?

**INDEPENDENTLY**

do two haploid nuclei exist independently or dependably in eukaryotic cells?

**FUSION OF CELLS, BUT NOT NUCLEI**

what is plasm-gamy?

**CELL WITH TWO HAPLOID NUCLEI INSIDE**

what is dikaryon?

**THEY ARE HETERTROPHS AND DECOMPOSERS.**

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they absorb nutrients from their environment by secreting digestive enzymes.

what is fungi nutrition like?

**they obtain nutrients from dead organic matter**

what are saprophytes?

**they extract carbohydrates from the tissues of a living host**

what are parasites?

**fungi are nourished by associations with other organisms with which they have a mutually beneficial symbiotic association**

mutualistic

**MOIST ENVIRONMENTS**

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so they can absorb water, dissolve ions, and other small molecules

under what conditions do fungi thrive under best?

**ANIMALS**

are fungi more closely related to animals or plants?

**OPISTHOKONTS**

what did fungi arise from?

**ASCI**

what do ascomycota reproduce?

1. **Haploid spores germinate → haploid hyphae**
2. **Hyphae fuse (plasm-gamy)→< dikaryotic mycelium**
3. **fruiting body (basidiocarp) forms**
4. **basidia (spore making structure, singular:basidium form in gills**
5. **nuclei fuse karygoamy→ diploid cells**
6. **meiosis→ basidiospore**

life cycle of ascomycota

**stalk-like spore-making structure**

what is conidioPHORE

**haploid SPORES**

conidioSPHORES

**ESSENTIAL FOR FUNGUS SURVIVAL**

what is obligate symbiosis?

**NONESSENTIAL FOR FUNGUS SURVIVAL**

what is facultative symbiosis?

**FUNGUS+PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARTNER-ALGAE**

what are lichens?

**GETS NUTRIENTS/ENERGY FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC ALGAE**

function of fungus

**GETS PROTECTION AND MOISTURE FROM FUNGUS**

function of algae

**thin, branch-like structure**

what is fruticose

**leafy, lots of lobes and folds**

what is foliose

**flat, surface level**

what is crustose

liven plant roots (90% of plants)

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* fungus gets sugars/nutrients from plant
* plant gets increased surface area for absorbing

what is mycorrhizae

**LEAF-CUTTER ANTS FARM FUNGI**

* eat fungi
* ants feed leaf bits to fungus

symbiosis with animals

**blisters, scaly skin, itching.**

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**occurs from contact with contaminated floors**

symptoms of athletes foot? how does it occur?

**ring-shaped skin lesions**

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**contact with contaminated skin/objects**

symptoms of ringworm? how does it occur?

**PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC**

are green plants heterotrophic or photoautotrphic?

**CELLULOSE IN THEIR CELL WALLS**

**STORE ENERGY AS STARCH**

**USE CHLOROPHYLL A&B**

common features of algae & plants?

**CHAROPHYTES**

what is a land plant that does not have these traits:

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* apical meristems
* alternation of generations
* walled spores in sporangia
* multicellular gametangia
* multicellular dependent embryos

**MITOSIS**

what do land plants undergo after DOUBLE FERTILIZATION?

**multicellular sporophyte**

what does mitosis produce after fertilization?

**NONE, they all are.**

what land plants aren’t haplodiplontic

**they lack tracheas and have other conducting cells**

what are nontracheophytes?

**BOTH**

how do bryophytes reproduce? asexual or sexual?

**LIVERWORTS**

what is the oldest bryophyte phylum?

**haploid organ that produces female gametes**

what is archegonia?

**haploid organ that produces male gametes**

what is antheridia?

**HAPLOID**

what state (haploid or diploid) is a life cycle of a moss in?

**WATER**

what is required to carry the sperm to the egg?

**ARTIC AND ATLANTIC**

where are most plants located in?

**TROPHICS**

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**this is because they can withstand prolong periods of drought**

where are the greatest diversity of mosses?

**CYANOBACTERIA**

what do hornworts live with

**HOMOSPOROUS**

are tracheophytes homosporous or heterosporous?