WJEC advanced information

Session 1

What session was “Estabilishing a conditioned emotional response“.

Session 2

What session was “Testing the conditioned emotional response“.

Session 3

What session was “Generalisation“.

Session 4

What session was “Changing the environment“.

Session 5

What session was “The effect of time“.

Watson and Reyner

Psychologists who conducted the ‘conditioned emotional response reactions‘.

Controlled observation

What the ‘conditioned emotional reactions‘ study is described as.

ETGET

Estabilishment, testing, generalisation, environmental changes and time

Irrational thoughts

Also called dysfunctional thoughts. In Ellis's model and therapy, these are defined as thoughts that are likely to interfere with a person's happiness. Such dysfunctional thoughts lead to mental disorders such as depression.

ABCDE model

In REBT, a model for understanding and recording the impact of cognitions on emotions.

Activating event

The A in ABCDE model of cognitive therapy.

Irrational beliefs

The B in ABCDE model of cognitive therapy.

Consquences

The C in ABCDE model of cognitive therapy.

Disputing

The D in ABCDE model of cognitive therapy.

Effects of disputing

The E in ABCDE model of cognitive therapy.

Logical

Self-defeating beliefs do not follow logically from the information available - type of disputing.

Empirical

Self-defeating beliefs are not consistent with reality - type of disputing.

Pragmatic

Emphasising the uselessness of self-defeating beliefs - type of disputing.

Musturbatory

Thinking that certain ideas or assumptions must be true in order for an individual to be happy.

Unconditional positive regard

How a therapist should treat an REBT patient - with unconditional respect.

90%

The success rate Ellis claimed for REBT.

Silverman et al

Concluded from a review of 89 studies that REBT is more effective or equal to other forms of therapy.

Irrational environments

Term for abusive environments that cannot be overcome with REBT; they are the direct cause of negative thinking.

Client distress

The issue with the forcefulness of the therapists in cognitive therapies.

Non-clinical

No diagnosed illness but still dealing with issues, e.g: stress.

40.8

Mean speed of: "About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other".

39.3

Mean speed of: "About how fast were the cars going when they collided into each other".

38.1

Mean speed of: "About how fast were the cars going when they bumped into each other".

34.0

Mean speed of: "About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other".

31.8

Mean speed of: "About how fast were the cars going when they contacted into each other".

Loftus and Palmer

Psychologists who conducted the 'reconstruction of automobile destruction' study.

Response-bias factor

Responses become biased due to leading questions.

Altered memory representation

Leading questions alter a person's memory, which therefore changes their responses.

Experiment 1

The experiment that asks the speed of the car using different verbs.

Experiment 2

Experiment that asked leading questions, with a follow up about broken glass.

16

How many in the smashed condition reported broken glass?

7

How many in the hit condition reported broken glass?

6

How many in the control condition reported broken glass?

Informed consent

Consent based on understanding the aims and processes of a study.

Psychological harm

Damage and distress caused an experience, such as witnessing a car crash or robbery.

Idiographic approaches

A focus on individual cases to understand behaviour.

Nomothetic approaches

A focus on forming general rules of understanding behaviour.

Holism

Looking into all factors instead of focusing on specific parts.

SCBHC

Smashed, collided, bumped, hit, contacted.

Foster et al

Showed witnesses of a real life robbery provided more accurate identification over those who watched a clip.

Seligman

Known as the founding father of positive psychology

Quality of Life

Therapy that focuses on improving a person’s life by focusing on individual principles.

Quality of Life Inventory

An assessment of the 16 principles/areas of life deemed most important.

CASIO model

Model of analysing life satisfaction.

Circumstances

C in CASIO.

Attitude

A in CASIO.

Standards

S in CASIO.

Importance

I in CASIO.

Overall satisfaction

O in CASIO.

Three pillars

Three steps to improving quality of life.

Feelings of strength

Pillar that helps the client foster feelings of inner abundance.

Meaning in life

Pillar that helps the client create goals for each valued area of life.

Quality time

Pillar that encourages a client to spend time resting and relaxing.

Toghyani et al

Investigated effects of QoLT on male Iranian adolescents, finding it to be effective after eight sessions.

Grant et al

Found those with depression showed an increase in quality of life after a bibliotherapy reading of a quality of life manuel.

Yasin Seifi et al

Examined the effects fo QoLT of those suffering with multiple sclerosis, finding that depression and anxiety decreased.

Myers and Diener

Who performed the ‘Who is happy?‘ study?

Meta-analysis

The type of study ‘Who is happy?‘ was.

Subjective well-being

SWB, term used in the ‘Who is happy?‘ study.

Inglehart

Conducted a survey of almost 170,000 people in 16 different countries, finding that there is no relationship between age or gender in happiness, but that Portuguese people are 30% less happy than Dutch people.

80%

Percent of people who reported life satisfaction in Inglehart’s study - same for men, women and all ages.

Diener et al

Found a correlation of +1.2 for happiness and wealth, found that those on the Forbes rich list were 37% less happy than average Americans and that African-Americans are nearly twice as happy as European Americans.

SCOE

Self esteem, Control over personal life, Optimism and Extraversion, the four traits of happy people.

Burt

Those who can list multiple close friends are healthier and happier than those who can’t.

Wood et al

A meta-analysis of 93 studies that found both men and women are equally happy unmarried and married.

Ckiszentmihalyi

Studied ‘flow’, concept that absorption in an activity distracts from other things in life. Found this process made people happiest.

Witter et al

Found that happiness is associated with religious strength and frequency of worship attendance.

ACV

Adaptation, Cultural world view and Values and goals are the best predictors of happiness.

Socially sensitive

Type of research that may cause bias in people who read it.

Oxytocin

Neurotransmitter associated with human bonding andtrust formation, and with romantic and mother-child relationships.

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter associated with pleasure seeking and reward based behaviour, such as in relationships for hitting milestones.

Trivers

Came up with parental investment theory, that woman need to be more selective in their partner, as they need to provide resources.

Pariental

Lobe that recieves sensory information such as temperature, touch and pain.

Temporal

Lobe that is responsible for memory processing and processing of auditory information.

Nativist approach

Approach within biological psychology that says all behaviour is inherited, passed down through genes.

Neurons

Cells that form the nervous system.

Occipital

Lobe that is responsible for visual processing and recieving information directly from the eyes.

Dendrites

Branches at the end of each neuron that connect them to other neurons.

Wernickes area

Name of the posterior portion of the left temportal lobe that when damaged caused patients to not understand language.

Physiological approach

Approach within biological psychology that says all behaviour is due to the functioning of internal body parts.

Medical model

Approach within biological psychology that says psychological illnesses should be treated like physcial ones, with surgeries and drugs.

Environment of evolutionary adaptiveness

EEA - A key concepts in evolution, refers to the selective pressures that existed at that time.

Frontal

Lobe that is involved in thinking and creativity, and personality.

Brocas area

Name of the posterior portion of the frontal lobe that when damaged caused patients to not produce speech.

Synapse

Where neurons communicate with each other.

Synaptic cleft

20nm gap between neurons.

Presynaptic vesicles

Where neurotransmitters are released from.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers released by neurons.

Freud

Founder of the psychodynamic approach and of psychology.

Childhood experiences

Also known as psychosexual stages, the five stages of childhood development.

Frustration

When the needs of an experience are not met, causing problems in adult’s personalities.

Overindulgence

When the needs of an experience are oversatisfied, causing problem’s in adults personalities.

Unconscious mind

Expressed through dreams and determines much of our behaviour. Contains unresolved conflicts.

Ego defense mechanisms

Mechanisms in place to protect from anxiety caused by id, ego and superego conflicts.

Oral

Stage of childhood experiences that occurs between 0-18 months old, and involves sucking, chewing and breastfeeding. Frustration causes optimism, frustration causes pessimism.