biometrics notes (3)

module one

Probability

The measure of how likely an event is.

Experiment

A process yielding one random result, such as spinning a spinner.

Outcomes

All possible results of an experiment, e.g., landing on yellow, blue, green, or red.

Event

A specific outcome of interest, e.g., landing on blue.

Empirical Probability

Based on experiments and observation to estimate the likelihood of outcomes.

Theoretical Probability

Calculations based on reasoning to predict outcomes, e.g., rolling a die.

Subjective Probability

Probabilities based on personal judgment and not empirical evidence.

Law of Large Numbers

Over time, empirical results approach theoretical probability.

Mutually Exclusive Events

Events that cannot occur at the same time.

Conditional Probability

Probability of Event B occurring given that Event A has occurred.

Independence of Events

Events that do not affect each other when one occurs.

Sampling Without Replacement

Probabilities that change as items are removed from a population.

Addition Rule

A rule that calculates the probability of either of two events occurring.

Tree Diagrams

Visual representations showing all possible outcomes of an experiment.

Sample Space

A list of all possible outcomes of an experiment.

Venn Diagrams

Diagrams showing probabilities and their relationships in categories.

Contingency Tables

Tabular representations of probabilities relating to different categories.