final terms

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Militarism

glorification of military power; constant prep for war

Alliances

a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations

Triple Entente

alliance between Russia, Britain and France pre war

Triple Alliance

alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy pre war

Balkan Powder Keg

rising tension in Balkan peninsula (ready to explode)

Pan-Slavism

the desire for a single country for the Slavic people

Imperialism

stronger country overtakes weaker country

Nationalism

a strong feeling of loyalty towards ones country, extreme form of patriotism that causes feelings of superiority

July Crisis

a series of events during July that led up to WW1 after Ferdinands assassination

Blank Check Assurance

German promises to support Austria-Hungary in a war against Serbia unconditionally

Central Powers

alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman empire during WW1

Allied Powers

alliance between Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Serbia, Romania, Greece, Italy, and the US during WW1

Schlieffen Plan

Germanys attempt to avoid a two-front war by quickly invading Belgium to defeat the French then moving to Russia

Eastern Front

German + A-H forces vs. Russia; stretched from Baltic Sea to Black Sea

Western Front

war fought along the Belgian/German/French borders

Trench Warfare

a form of warfare where opposing armies fought each other from trenches dug in the battlefield

Stalemate

a deadlock in which neither side can defeat each other

War of Attrition

a prolonged war during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small scale attacks

Paris Peace Conference

6 month long meeting w/ 32 country leader and diplomats featured, goal was to establish peace tactics with losing states and prevent another world war

Armistice

an agreement to stop fighting

Lusitania

British passenger ship sunk by the Germans in 1915, 128 US citizens aboard so the US was outraged and nearly joined the war at this time

Zimmerman Note

a telegram asking for Mexico to declare war on the US and ally with Germany, written by a German secretary that was intercepted by the British and sent to the US

Kaiser Wilhelm II

ruler of Germany who forced Otto von Bismarck to resign

Emperor Franz Joseph

emperor of Austria-Hungary

King George V

King of Britain

Tsar Nicholas II

ruler of Russia

Woodrow Wilson

US president who officially called on congress to declare war and enter WW1; Big 4

Franz Ferdinand

Austrian archduke assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, eventually starts conflict between A-H and Serbia

Gavrilo Princip

member of the Young Bosnians that assassinated Franz Ferdinand

Yoruba

the Christian ethnic group in southwestern Nigeria

Igbo

the Christian ethnic group in southeastern Nigeria; one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa, one of the three largest majority groups in current day Nigeria

Hausa-Fulani

the largest ethnic group that lives in northern Muslim Nigeria

Imperialism

a policy of cultural, economic, or political influence over other societies

Colonialism

a form of imperialism, the acquisition and exploitation of territory by a foreign power for its own economic and political benefit

Scramble for Africa

period where European countries rushed to Africa in competition for natural resources and claim land

Indirect Rule

relied on existing indigenous and local leaders to carry out British laws for economic power

Colony

direct rule, British officials and government structures for complete control

Lagos Colony

merged with south protectorate in 1906

Protectorate

indirect rule

Qing Dynasty

Manchu people who led China during a chaotic interaction with western colonies during imperialism

Manchu

people from North (Manchuria) who became leaders of the Qing Dynasty

Queue

required to be worn by Manchu men to easily spot enemies or rebels

Tributary System

traders bring gifts and show immense respect for China in order to earn trading rights

Emperor Kangxi

emperor that valued Manchu-Chinese cultural blending and emphasized Confucian values, also led southern inspection tours

Emperor Qianlong

emperor who continued the success of Kangxi, "High Qing"; economy was strong and growing, land expansion, more money

Celestial Teachings

Chinese word for Christianity when presented to them by the Portuguese Jesuits

Matteo Ricci

Italian Jesuit who gained favor w/ Chinese by writing journals praising Chinese culture and conforming Christian values to adapt to Confucian ideas

Jesuit Missionaries

allowed into China because they valued education and respected Confucianism and brought useful gifts

Canton Trade System

limited foreign trade to one port, foreigners can only trade with hongs

Hongs

specialized Chinese merchants who had trade privileges in merchant districts of Canton

Opium Wars

first Opium War was fought between China and Great Britain from 1839 to 1942, second Opium War was fought between China, GB, and France from 1856 to 1860, China lost both wars; started due to China attempting to stop the British from importing opium into China and killing their people

British East India Company

created to take advantage of trade with East Asia and India, invested heavily in growing and processing opium and created a monopoly on Asian trade; traded opium to China through their Indian colony to uphold the monopoly

Trade Imbalance

Britain trades tea, silk, and porcelain from China but China will only accept silver in return

Extraterritoriality

only the British had jurisdiction over British crime committed in China, British people followed British laws while living in China

Commissioner Lin Tse Hsu

customs inspector at Canton shortly before the Opium War, addressed a letter to Queen Victoria as part of his campaign to eradicate opium from Chinese society and was responsible for the confiscation of British opium

Ambassador MacCartney

commissioned to go to the court of the Qianlong emperor as representative from George III of England to communicate that Britain desired a convenient offshore island as a permanent trading post, more ports opened to trade, and diplomatic representation in Beijing

Hong Kong

economic superpower given to the British through the Treaty of Nanjing

Boxer Rebellion

anti-western rebellion against anything foreign w/ secret support from the empress, led to the destruction of western areas in Beijing; ultimately led Empress Cixi to advocate for real reform

Taiping Rebellion

anti-Manchu uprising started by Chinese Chrisitan movement; outlawed opium, alcohol, slavery, foot binding; promised more egalitarian economy and the end of the Manchu rule; Qing ended uprising w/ help from Western powers

Kami

Gods under Shinto

Amaterasu

sun goddess believed to be the deity which the Japanese emperor descended from

Land of the Rising Sun

Japans name for itself

Shinto

way of life for the Japanese people; no moral code, founder, or scripture

Samurai

warrior class, valued group loyalty and discipline

Bushido

"way of the warrior", moral and discipline code followed by all samurai

Seppuku

ritual suicide to avoid losing a fight/surrenduring

Daimyo

territorial lords who hired samurai to protect their land granted by the shogun

Shogun

military government official appointed by the emperor

Shogunate

hereditary military dictatorship, where the emperor is a figurehead and the shogun makes all the decisions

Tokugawa Ieyasu

took control of the Council of Elders during a key battle and moves capital from Edo to Kyoto; as shogun he created a stable government that led to 250 years of peace and stability

Tokugawa Shogunate

1600-1868, 250 years of peace and order, political stability helped Japan to flourish and led to the modernization of Japan; a period of order/stability, change, and prosperity

Edo

capital of the Tokugawa

Sakoku

control over foreign relations and complete isolation from other countries

"blue-eyed devils"

how Japanese people described westerners in literature and art

Sino-Japanese War

Japan becomes imperialist towards China and tries to claim Korea, Japan wins and shows superiority to Asia

Russo Japanese War

Japan defeats Russia to gain Manchuria which gives them respect as a world power

Treaty of Kanagawa

treaty signed by the Japanese in 1854, opening ports for US trade; led into a snowball effect with other countries forcing treaties upon Japan

Commodore Perry

sent by the US President to seek out trading opportunities in Japan but returned a year later with battle ships and guns to demand the opening of ports

"Tengu Perry"

how the Japanese people described Perry as a goblin

Millard Filmore

the president of the United States in 1852 who sent Commodore Perry to Japan

Meiji Restoration

era of rapid industrialization and political, social, and economic change; abolished class system to allow for social mobility, funded modern transportation and communication systems, wanted to establish a national identity for Japan

collective bargaining

when groups of employees are able to negotiate working conditions such as wages

strike

a large group of workers who stop working in protest of wages and working conditions

Communism

system that gives complete power to the people, no government regulation on the means of production and no private property or businesses; everyone contributes what they can and takes only what they need; classless, stateless, moneyless

means of production

resources for producing goods

industrial revolution

a period of rapid industrial development that began in England in the 18th century but soon spread throughout Western Europe, the United States, and the world

enclosure movement

shifts farming from individual households (farms) to big farms

crop rotation

rotating which crops are planted in certain patches of soil in order to avoid the soil drying out and making the best use of the land

spinning jenny

a multi-spindle spinning frame invented during the IR to reduce hand labor

power loom

a mechanized loom used to make clothing and reduce physical labor

mechanization

the shift from human and animal physical labor to the use of machines

interchangeable parts

identical parts made to be used to assemble many different inventions

factors of production

land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship

urbanization

the growth of cities

factory system

an approach to manufacturing that rose during the IR whose primary innovation was to combine machinery + new technologies to lower the production costs + increase efficiency

domestic system

the system before the factory system in which all products were made by hand, which led to high quality goods and long labor hours

James Watt

Scottish inventor who approved upon the steam engine

steam engine

heat engine that uses steam as its working fluid

assembly line

a method of manufacturing in which one person has a specific task to create a final product, making the work faster and mass producing products

division of labor

when labor is divided amongst many workers by processes like the assembly line