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Define PSYCHOLOGY
Scientific study of thought and behaviour.
Define CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
The study of a culture’s beliefs and values that contribute to how they live and behave.
Define PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
The study of how humans have physically developed overtime (evolution) and how they interact with their environment.
Define SOCIOLOGY
Study of social life, changes, and social causes in addition to the consequences of human behaviour.
What type of questions would a PSYCHOLOGIST ask?
Did they have a history of trauma or emotional problems?
Did they have any close relationships in their life?
What factors from their personality and genetic make-up may have influenced their behaviour?
What type of questions would an ANTHROPOLOGIST ask?
What cultural norms/factors may have influenced their behaviour?
What past experiences may have influenced their behaviour? In relation to cultural norms/factors..
What values was the person exposed to that may have influenced their behaviour?
What type of questions would a SOCIOLOGIST ask?
Were there any similar incident in the area recently?
Is this a common phenomenon within their community?
Was there a sense of peer pressure involved?
Define the BYSTANDER EFFECT
The theory that individuals are less likely to help someone in need when in the presence of a lot of people.
When are bystanders WILLING to help?
Notice the situations
Perceive an emergency
They believe no one else can help
Are in a familiar environment
Believe that their actions will not put them in danger
When are bystanders NOT WILLING to help?
Social rejection (regarded foolishly)
PLURALISTIC IGNORANCE —> Others are not helping for a good reasons
DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY —> Others will help instead of themselves
Unfamiliar w/ the environment
Event may require greater action on their part (unnecessary involvement)
Who created CULTURAL RELATIVISM?
Franz Boas
What is CULTURAL RELATIVISM?
To not judge a culture through bias.
The idea that one cannot compare 2 culture w/o comparing it to their own.
Define ETHNOCENTRIC
The belief that one’s own culture is SUPERIOR to all other cultures.
Who created FUNCTIONAL THEORY?
Bronislaw Malinowski
What is FUNCTIONAL THEORY?
The idea that every BELIEF, ACTION, or RELATIONSHIP functions to meet the NEEDS of society.
Define INTERDEPENDENCE
A mutual dependence
Who created CULTURAL MATERIALISM?
Marvin Harris
What is CULTURAL MATERIALISM?
Materials available to a society influence how a culture develops.
Cultural materialism —> Creates ideologies of a culture —> Creates the beliefs, norms, and ideas that the culture follows
Who created FEMINIST ANTHROPOLOGY?
Erentise Friedl
What is FEMINIST ANTHROPOLOGY?
Theory that looks at how CULTURE DETERMINES gender roles.
What is POSTMODERNISM?
The theory that it’s impossible to have a “true” understanding about the world.. everything we know is based on society’s perception.
What are UNCONSTRUCTED INTERVIEWS?
Asking questions w/ NO SET ORDER of questions.
What are STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS?
Asking PRE-DETERMINED questions in a SET ORDER.
What are SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS?
Blend of STRUCTURED and UNSTRUCTURED.
Interviewer has an IDEA what questions they want to ask, but no DETERMINED ORDER.
What is PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION?
Careful watching of a group, sometimes anthropologists will embed themselves into a culture to FULLY understand it.
Define LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
Study of HISTORY and STRUCTURE of language and the ways humans USE it.
How language AFFECTS and EXPRESSES culture
Define HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS
The SIMILARITIES and DIFFERENCES of language structures to understand how languages are RELATED.. and how they have EVOLVED (shows the MIGRATION PATTERNS of the past).
Define STRUCTURAL LINGUISTICS
The idea that the brain has FEATURES (PREDISPOSITIONS) that allows us to FACILITATE languages.
Define SOCIOLINGUISTICS
Study of how people USE language within their culture to express STATUS and CONTEXT
Ex. The diff. in the way you talk to your teacher VS. the way you talk to your friend
Define PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Study of human evolution, human biology, and other primates.
Define PALEOANTHROPOLOGY
Study of BONE and STONE REMAINS of ancient ancestors based on evidence from distant evolutionary past.
Define HOMINI
A human or human ancestor.
Define PRIMATOLOGY
The CHARACTERISTICS of primates in addition to the way they THOUGHT and COMMUNICATED.
Define ARCHAEOLOGY
Study of human CONSTRUCTION and ARTIFACTS to see how people LIVED their lives in DIFFERENT cultures.
Define ETHNOLOGY
Study of the ORIGINS and CULTURES of different RACES and peoples
Done through PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
Define FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY
Study of HUMAN REMAINS to aid law enforcement to IDENTIFY human remains, INTERPRET trauma, and ESTIMATE time of death.
Define RADIOMETRIC DATING
A process used to DETERMINE the AGE of an object via the amount of RADIOACTIVE material it contains.
Define NATURAL SELECTION
Process by which species ADAPT and CHANGE which leads to..
VARIATION: Species have VARIETY within
HERITABILITY: Species PASS ON TRAITS to offspring
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST: Species that are better ADAPTED will produce MORE offspring and pass the ADVANTAGEOUS traits to the next generation
Define BIPEDALISM
The idea of habitually walking on 2 legs.
Define ARTIFACTS
Objects MADE or USED by people which helps to understand PAST and PRESENT cultures.
What is SEGREGATION?
Stage 1:
To TEMPORARILY remove oneself from society.. Change in GEOGRAPHY or PHYSICAL appearance (some type of change).
What is TRANSITION?
Stage 2:
One is CHANGED into something new.. Often under guidance.
What is REINTEGRATION?
One is READMITTED to society as a NEW person.. Often marked by tattoos, scars, or new clothing (something they didn’t have before).
What did EDWARD SAPIR do?
Studied ABORIGINAL peoples of Canada
Aboriginal groups use Sapir’s work to CREATE written forms of their languages
Created the hypothesis that language INFLUENCES thought rather than the reverse
Believed that different cultures think differently b/c of the differences in language
What did FRANZ BOAS do?
Created the idea of CULTURAL RELATIVISM
What did MARY LEAKEY do?
Discovered an AUSTRALOPITHECUS skull in Kenya
Discovered LAETOLI FOOTPRINTS indicating that bipedalism began 3.6 million years ago
What did BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI do?
Created PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION method to gather information on different cultures
Created FUNCTIONAL THEORY.. every belief, action, and relationship functions to meet the needs of society
What did NOAM CHOMSKY do?
Father of modern STRUCTURAL LINGUISTICS.. study of how sounds are put together to make meaning
Came up w/ the idea that the ability to learn language is made possible via PREDISPOSITION in our brains (allow us to FACILITATE language)
What did CHARLES DARWIN do?
Established the concept of NATURAL SELECTION..
Through observations of WILDLIFE, he said that species were FORCED to EVOLVE to avoid extinction
Idea of the SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
What did DONALD JOHANSON do?
Found LUCY (Australopithecus Afarensis)
What did MARVIN HARRIS do?
Created CULTURAL MATERIALISM.. materials available influence how a culture develops
Believed that the cow is a SACRED animal and cannot be eaten.. functions of the animal INFLUENCES and CONTRIBUTES to the belief that they are SACRED and should not be eaten
What did JANE GOODALL do?
Observed PRIMATES
Specifically observed CHIMPANZEES to understand their SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
Debunked the theory that humans were the only primates to use hand-made tools
What did RICHARD LEAKEY do?
Discovered an almost complete HOMO ERECTUS skeleton in Africa
Discovered FOSSILS and HOMINIS (HOMO HABILIS)
What are the CHARACTERISTICS of NEANDERTHALS?
Heavy brow ridge
Big nose
Large teeth
Small chin
Long hair
Bipedal (walked on 2 legs)
Why did NEANDERTHALS go extinct?
Transmission of DISEASE from modern humans
Interbreeding w/ modern humans
Survival of the fittest
Natural catastrophe / Climate change —> Environmental change
What are the CHARACTERISTICS of the AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS? (LUCY)
Low sloping foreheads
Bipedal (walked on 2 legs)
Small brains
Large and flat teeth
Why did AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS go extinct?
UNKNOWN
However.. Theorists suggest it is due to the failure to COMPETE w/ other species (Survival of the fittest)
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