UCONN FREN 1177 Vocabulary

Magic

Magic is the art of making things happen through unnatural means
Magic has always existed and still exists everywhere

Witchcraft

Witchcraft is more specifically Western and Christian because it implies devil intervention
There is white magic, black magic, neutral magic, and white witchcraft
16th century - great time for magic and witchcraft

Sorcery

No opposition between Christianity and sorcery

Magician

Magician comes by his art through learning
Magicians are supposed to control demons
Magicians are usually male because most women were uneducated/ could not read/understand Latin

Witch/Wizard

Witches and wizards have innate and gifted magic capabilities via Evil Eye
Wizards and witches have denied God and worship the Devil

Warlock

“Traitor” → one who has betrayed God for Satan
At first, “witch” was used for male and female but as English and French developed, witches is used for females and wizards for males
A term used for a male witch

Sorcerer/Sorceress

People who practiced “small magics” or spells (“sorts”) at the scale or a village or a small community
The practitioners were tolerated if not endorsed by the church
By around the 14th century, the practitioners became the base population of those accused of witchcraft
They are now associated with the dark side of magic

Enchanter/Enchantress

Practitioners of magic who tend to reply on spoken spells, words, formulas, and charms that have to be chanted or at least pronounced to work
Circe is one of the most renowned Western enchantresses

Witcher/Sorceleur

A sorcery-enhanced mutant

Alchemist (Alchemy)

A scientist who seeks the secret to immortality and change lead to gold
There are no female alchemists
Nicolas Flamel is rumored to have reached both goals

Astrologer

A scientist who studied stars and celestial phenomenon to predict the future based on his readings
But Christian churches frowned on the practice
Nostradamus was the ultimate astrologer for a while

Necromancer

A magic-user who would evokes the dead
The dead are not actually brought back it life
It was believed a devil or demon would masquerade as the deceased

Prophet/Prophetess

An individual who is regarded as being in contact with a divine being and is said to speak on behalf of that being, serving as an intermediary with humanity by delivering messages or teachings from the supernatural source to other people

Fae (Faerie/Fairies)

A type of mythical being or legendary creature found in the folklore of multiple European cultures, a form of spirit, often described as metaphysical, supernatural, or preternatural

Vampires (The Undead)

A creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence of the living. In European folklore, vampires are undead creatures that often visited loved ones and caused mischief or deaths in the neighbourhoods they inhabited while they were alive

Werewolves

In folklore, a werewolf, or occasionally lycanthrope, is a human with the ability to shapeshift into a wolf, either purposely or after being placed under a curse or affliction with the transformations occurring on the night of a full moon

Ghouls

A demon-like being or monstrous humanoid. The concept originated in pre-Islamic Arabian religion, associated with graveyards and the consumption of human flesh. Modern fiction often uses the term to label a certain kind of undead monster.

The Devil

The Great Adversary (in old French, li anemis), the ruler of Hell, named Satan or sometimes Lucifer (the rebellious angel who fell from Heaven), oftentimes associated with the Serpent

Demon

A denizen of Hell, subject to the Devil, employed in all kinds of nefarious activities but are less powerful than Satan. There are hundreds of demons (magicians and demonologists will compile lists) but the Devil is unique

Magicians can control demons and order them about although this is dangerous while witches and wizards pay homage to the Devil and must obey him. Sometimes one uses the plural “devils” as a synonym of “demons”

Hellequin's Hunt

Actually, Diana’s Hunt is part of European folklore, with many versions of it circulating until the 16th century at least, the most famous in France being the Mesnie Hellequin.

Its byname is Diana’s Hunt or Herne’s Hunt in the Celtic stories, it’ll transform into the Inquisitor's standard belief in the witches’ flight to the Sabbath

It originally has something to do with the world of the unrestful dead who are condemned to hunt (or be hunted) and haunt the margins of the human world: forests, glades, and moors

Leaders of the “Wild Hunt”: Dame Abonde, Diana, Herodias, Perchta, Woden, Odin, Theodoric, Gwynn ap Nudd, Herne the Hunter, King Herla, King Arthur, etc

Ars Notoria

A textbook of High Magic

Dominicans (Dogs of the Lord)

The most prominent interrogators in matters of witchcraft and heretics during the 15th and 16th centuries

The Cathars

The Dominican Order was in part created to fight a new heresy that had grown in Southern France: the Cathar Heresy

Catharism is a Christian heresy that borrows some elements of doctrine to Manicheism
According to Cathars (“The Pure Ones” in Greek), the material world is the work of the Devil and nothing good can exist in it. God’s kingdom is not to be found in this world but only in the Afterlife

Since this world is evil anyways, there is no difference between sin and virtue and it is not necessary to respect God’s commandments in this life

Manichaeism

While the Cathars probably do not have any historical relationship with Manicheism, they do represent one of the numerous dualist heresies that can be traced back to this religion

It is the religion of prophet Mani, is an Iranian religion, prosperous before the advent of Islam, according two which two principles, Good and Evil, share the world and fight for supremacy

Human beings are called upon taking part in this fight and helping Good to win

Numerous Christian heresies borrow this trait to Manicheism when they posit a powerful Devil conspiring to “take over” the world: this is one of the main trait of the 16th century witch-craze

Evil Eye

Starting with the 14th century, the Inquisition will assimilate the practice of magic with heresy: the big change is the idea that the sorcerer, or cunning person, does not do much by him - or herself, but needs the help of the Devil, and acquires this help by paying homage to the Devil and denying God

One of the few “spontaneous” powers conceded to the practitioners of sorcery in the village is the “Evil Eye”.

The innate power of some people, sorcerers and sorceresses originally, that allows them to hunt or even kill with a look

Alternately these same people (or others) may be able to make a person or an animal sick with a casual touch and/or a mumbled word

When witchcraft became the focus of accusations and trials, the evil eye was perceived as a power given by the Devil to witches and wizards in order for them to do his will to perpetuate as much evil as possible in the world

"Carnal Acquaintance with the Devil"

One of the main accusations against these women is "carnal acquaintance with the Devil," which combines the sins of heresy, adultery, lust, and betrayal

It will become the basic argument of judges during the great witch-hunt at the end of the 16th century, but it is completely anachronistic to use it in the early 13th century, as does Étienne de Bourbon in the movie Sorceress

This will be the standard accusation leveled by judges and inquisitors at all women accused to be witches although these relationships are not supposed to be fertile
It stems more from misogynistic prejudice on the part of the males judges than on any original elements in the witches’ confessions

Women are perceived as lustful, dangerous, and wicked temptresses. Especially lonely women who are not controlled by traditional bonds (father, husband, son) are automatically suspected

Incubi/ Succubi

Succubus: a demon who takes on a female form to have sex with a male human
Incubus: a demon who takes on a male form to have sex with a female human

Demons are both succubi and incubi since they cannot engender children by themselves, not being “corporel,” they gather the seed of the men they seduce and use it to impregnate the women they in turn seduce. Incubi/ succubi tend to be absent from the Sabbath where female witches have sex with the Devil

Changeling

A child who is “obviously” not human. The mother considers it has been “changed” by the faeries or exchanged for a less-healthy and ugly fairy child

There are various ways to get back the original child but there is stigma that still attaches to such a “changeling” even when the true one is supposedly back

Sometimes changelings are assimilated to “sons of the devils,” half-human children engendered by the incubi

Gilles de Rais

Gilles de Rais, Baron de Rais, was a knight and lord from Brittany, Anjou and Poitou, a leader in the French army, and a companion-in-arms of Joan of Arc. He is best known for his reputation and later conviction as a confessed serial killer of children.

Robinet de Vaux

A nickname or byname of "The Devil"

Deniselle

A prostitute

Pierre Broussard

An inquisitor and a Dominican

Esoteric/Exoteric

intended for or likely to be understood by only a small number of people with a specialized knowledge or interest / (especially of a doctrine or mode of speech) intended for or likely to be understood by the general public

Episteme

intellectually certain knowledge

Magia

Magic as most scholars and academics of the 16th century practice it

Rogations

Superstitious magic / (in the Christian Church) a solemn supplication consisting of the litany of the saints chanted on the three days before Ascension Day

Scapegoat

when people blame someone for their problems even if they’re innocent

Sortes Sanctorum (Sortes Virgilianae)

A form of divination by bibliomancy in which advice or predictions of the future are sought by interpreting passages from the works of the Roman poet Virgil

Marsilo Ficino (Renaissance Magician)

Theologia Platonica de Immortalitate Animae (Platonic Theology) (1433-1499)
Catholic Priest, Astrologer (studies horoscopes), and Magus.
Works on reconciling Neo-Platonic philosophy and Occult, “Egyptian” Philosophy with Christianity
Inspired by the figure of Hermes Trismegistus, author of the Hermetic Corpus

Paracelsus (Renaissance Magician)

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493-1541)
Physician, Astrologer, and Occultist.
Like Agrippa, a student of Abbot Johannes Trithemius
Invented The Alphabet of the Magi to construct talismans and amulets charged with angelic names

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (Renaissance Magician)

De Occulta Philosophia Libri Tres (The Occult Philosophy) (1486-1535)
Book 1 published in 1531, Books 2 & 3 in 1535
Three levels: natural magic, celestial magic, ceremonial magic.
Considers himself a Christian, although numerous legends depict him as a sorcerer

Giordano Bruno Nolani (of Nola) (Renaissance Magician)

De Umbris Idearum, Sigillus Sigillorum (The Shadows of Ideas, 1582; The Seal of Seals, 1583) (1543-1600)
Dominican Friar, Astrologer, Magus.
Theories based on the Hermetic Corpus, and on Agrippa’s “occult philosophy.
Expands on Copernicus's heliocentrism to conclude that the universe is infinite.
Burnt at the stake in Rome for heresy

John Dee (Renaissance Magician)

Monas hieroglyphica (Hieroglyphic Monad) (1527-1609)
Queen Elizabeth’s Magician and Alchemist.
In half-disgrace, spent time at the Prag court of Rudolph II of Bohemia in the same functions.
A Tenant of “Occult Philosophy,” and a practitioner of magic, he associated with the medium Edward Kelley.
A Key-Figure of “Hermeticism,” and maybe a founder of Rosicrucianism.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)
(Renaissance Magician)

A humanist and hermetic philosopher, read Hebrew and Aramaic, and was interested in Kabbalah. He dabbled in astrology and was a partisan of Neoplatonism. In short, a Magus

Gianfrancesco (Giovanni Francesco; 1470-1533) (Renaissance Magician)

The nephew of the first one, a student of the Bible, a very orthodox Christian, and the author of La Strega, ovvero, Degli inganni de’ demoni (1524). In short, a Witch-Hunter

The Hammer of Witches - Malleus Maleficarum (CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS AND WITCH-HUNTERS)

In 1487, two Inquisitors, Henri Kramer (Institoris) and Jakob Sprenger, publish the most complete guide-book on witch-hunting: The Hammer of Witches - Malleus Maleficarum
Text-book for INQUISITORS (and later, Witch-hunters): Nicolas Eymerich, Directorium Inquisitorum, 1376.

Proponents:
Jean Taincture (Tinctor), Invective contre la secte de vauderie (1460 to 1467)
Pierre Nodé, Déclamation contre l’erreur exécrable des maléfices, sorciers (1578)
Jean Bodin, Démonomanie des sorciers (1580)
Nicolas Rémy, La Démonolâtrie (1595)
Henri Boguet, Discours des sorciers (1610)
Pierre de Lancre, Tableau de l’inconstance des mauvais anges et des démons (1612)
Ambivalent
Jean Wier / Johann Weyer, De praestigiis daemonum (1563)
Michel de Montaigne, «Des Boîteux», Les Essais III, 11 (1586)
Gabriel Naudé, Apologie pour tous les grands personnages faussement soupçonnés de magie (1625)

Jean Bodin

De la demonomanie des sorciers (On the Demon Worship of Sorcerers) (1530-1596)
book published in 1580, 10 editions before 1604
De la République (On Republic) 1576
Colloquium heptaplomeres (Colloquium of the Seven) 1588:
Dialog in favor of tolerance between a natural philosopher, a Calvinist, a Muslim, a Roman Catholic, a Lutheran, a Jew, and a skeptic

Henri Boguet

Discours exécrable des Sorciers (The Abominable Discourse of Sorcerers) (1550-1619)
Book published in 1602, 20 editions in twenty years, 10 between 1602-1610.

Judge in Franche-Comté: nicknamed “The Witch-Hunter of Burgundy.”

First wave of persecutions 1602-1614.

Boguet also judged and condemned a dozen were-wolves

Six advis (Six Pieces of Advice) 1608: advice and suggestions to other judges.
An examen of witches drawn from various trials of many of this sect in the district of Saint Oyan de Joux, commonly known as Saint Claude, in the county of Burgundy, including the procedure necessary to a judge in trials for witchcraft, 1619

Nicolas Remy

Daemonolatreiae Libri Tres (Demonolatry) (1553-1631)
Book published in 1595.
Judge in Lorraine; “Procureur général” between 1591 and 1606.

Pierre de Lancre

De l’Inconstance des mauvais anges et des démons (On the Inconstancy of Fallen Angels and Demons) (1552-1631)
book published in 1612
Judge in Bordeaux; responsible for a massive witch-hunt in Labourd; 600 witches burnt at the stakes in 3 years (1608-1611)
L’incrédulité et mécréance du sortilège, 1627
Du sortilège, 1627

Johannes Weyer

De praestigiis daemonum (On the Glamor of the Demons) (1515-1588)
book published in 1563.
Contains an appendix called Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, the complete list of “the names and titles of infernal spirits, and the powers alleged to be wielded by each of them.”
Physician, disciple of the “magician” Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim.
Opposes the witch-hunts, and avers that the Sabbat and the nocturnal flight of the witch are illusions
Does not, however, reject witch-craft in itself: the Devil seduces women whose understanding is weak, and whose temperament is prone to melancholy, both a sickness and a sin

Michel de Montaigne

Des boîteux (Essais, III:11) (On the Lame-Men) (1533-1592)
several versions of the book published between 1580 and 1595 (posthumous).

Gabriel Naude

Apologie pour tous les grands personnages faussement soupçonnés de magie (“Apology For All the Great Men Who Have Wrongly Been Accused of Magic”) (1600-1653)
4 editions during the 17th-century: 1625, 1653, 1669, 1712.
Attempts to exonerate past characters such as King Solomon or Thomas Aquinas, but also most of the Magi of the Renaissance, especially Cornelius Agrippa

The Witches' Sabbath

A traditional ritual or gathering hosted by a coven of witches in worship of the Devil

During the 15th century, theologians and judges elaborated a detailed concept of the “Sabbath,” or ludus diaboli (“devil’s game, or race”), which they then imposed upon those accused of heretical witchcraft by means of a list of questions they ask before and after torture

Compendium Maleficarum

During the later part of the great “witch-craze,” some popular writers will produce illustrated books telling the complete story of a witch, from her first meeting with the devil until her death at the stakes

The most famous of these texts is the Italian Compendium Maleficarum written in the first decades of the seventeenth century by Francesco Maria Guazzo

At this point, the witch-craze is waning, and Guazzo feels he must remind good Christians of the horrible crimes committed by witches (and wizards) during the Sabbath

Aesthetics of Witchcraft

During the period of the great witch-craze, numerous painters and engravers also produce various works of art that capitalize on the fascination the witch holds for the general educated audience:

Albrecht Dürer
Hans Baldung-Grien
Jan Van Der Velde
David Teniers
Francesco Parmigianino

Gutenberg

The inventor of the printing press

Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory

A theory which stated that the Earth is not the center of the universe, but the Sun is, which opposes Ptolemy's theory

Witch-Hunting in the 17th Century

Big Shift in Trials and in Opinion
- Places
- Open Trials - big spectacles
- Women, especially nuns, as victims
- Conversely men, especially priests, as the guilty parties
- Preeminence of the possessions by demons

Sebastien Michaelis

- Pneumologie: Discours des esprits (1585)
- Histoire admirable de la possession et conversion d'une pénitente (1612)
- The big question at the time was “The Discernment of Spirits.”
- Borders between mysticism and demon possession are porous

A French Dominican inquisitor and judge and prior of the Dominican order who lived during the late 16th and early 17th centuries

BLACK BUTLER DUDE

Louis Gaufridi

The place: Marseilles and Aix-en-Provence

The accused: Louis Gaufridi

The judge: Sébastien Michaelis, a Dominican Inquisitor.

The "victims'': Madeleine de la Palud, Louise Capeau (two Ursulines nuns).

The Admirable History of Possession and Conversion of a Penitent Woman: Seduced by a Magician that Made Her to Become a Witch, 1613: an English translation of Michaelis’ book on the Gauffridi trial.

(Confession faite par messire Louis Gaufridi, prêtre en l'Église des Accoules de Marseille, prince des magiciens depuis Constantinople jusques ˆ Paris ˆ deux pères capucins du couvent d’Aix,la veille de Pâques le 11 me d’avril 1611ˆ Aix, par Jean Tholozan, Paris 1611)

Urban Grandier

The place: Loudun.

The accused: Urbain Grandier

The accusers: Canon Mignon, Inquisitor Barré; Cardinal Richelieu, Baron de Laubardemont

The “victims:” Mother Jeanne des Anges, then the other Ursulines nuns under her rule

Strong political elements, plus hidden conflict between Protestants and Catholics
A hodgepodge of accusations, among them the production of a pact with the Devil signed by Grandier

Aldous Huxley’s The Devils of Loudun (1952)

Michel de Certeau, La Possession de Loudun (1970)
Krzysztof Penderecki, Die Teufel von Loudun (1968-1969)
Ken Russell, The Devils (1971)

Picard and Boulle (1625-1627)

The place: Louviers.

The accused: Mathurin Picard (d.) and Thomas Boulle

The inquisitor: Father Bosroger.

The “victims:” Madeleine Bavent, Barbara de Saint-Michel (2 nuns of St. Francis Nunnery).

The demons: Dagon, Ancitif

The Auxonne Possessions (1658-1663)

The accused: Barbe Buvée

The victims: The Ursulines nuns of the Auxonne convent

The judges: Bénigne Legoux, Member of the Parliament of Dijon, the Bishop of Châlon-sur-Saône

The Affairs of the Poisons (1677-1682)

Black masses and divination
- Madame de Sévigné

The Marquise de Brinvilliers
- Powders of inheritance
- The late Godin de Sainte-Croix
- Letters-confessions
- Execution of an aristocrat

The accused: The Marquise de Montespan, Madame de Vivonne Mêle Des Oeillets

The judge: M. de la Reynie, Lieutenant General de Police

Practitioners of Witchcraft: Marie Bosse “devineresse,” Catherine Monvoisin (dite la Voisin), and Abbe Etienne Guibourg

Decriminalization of Witchcraft (1682)

The edict does not mean that “witchcraft is legal”
It means that witchcraft in itself, is not a crime anymore
You cannot be condemned and executed for witchcraft only
You can still be condemned and executed for poisoning, which is frequently associated to the practices of witchcraft

Les Sorcieres de Salem “The Crucible” (1957)

A (very political) play by Arthur Miller (an allegory of McCarthyism) (1953)
Based on the historical witch-trials in Salem, MA, (1692-1693)
Adapted for the movie by Jean-Paul Sartre (1957)
Movie directed by Raymond Rouleau with an exceptional cast
Mechanisms of the “witch hunt”
The special case of Tituba, “Black Witch of Salem”
Moi, Tituba, sorcière noire de Salem, by Maryse Condé (1968)

Introitus Sinagoge

A component of the Sabbath: adhesion to the sect (similar to the “Jewish sect” of earlier times)

Translatio cum baculo

Transportation to the Sabbath on a staff or broomstick

Nomen diaboli

Presence of the devil (often in animal form, sometimes as a black man)

Complices

Presence of accomplices (who must be denounced)

Ydolatria

Worship of the devil (backside kiss, formal homage)

Census and Tributum

Payment of a tribute to the devil/monetary gifts from the devil

Apostasia a fide

Apostasy/rejection of the Christian faith

Comestio cranes humane

Ingestion of human flesh (roasted children)

Carnalis Conjunctio

Sexual union (with the devil, and with other people present)

Francesco Prelati is a priest whom Gilles de Rais has hired to pray for Joan of Arc's soul. (T/F)

False

Gilles is a priest who goes astray. He tries to be an alchemist, necromancer, and baby eater.

According to the Malleus Maleficarum, "woman" means "less faithful." (T/F)

True

Puritanism sees the presence of the Devil in every element of daily life.(T/F)

True

Everyone in Salem keeps everyone under control

The witch Tituba is the first witch to be hanged in Salem. (T/F)

False

it was Sarah Good who was the first witch hanged in Salem. Tituba was a slave that practiced voodoo.

Louis Gauffridi is a necromancer. (T/F)

False

He is a priest that was accused of necromancy. He had inappropriate relations with Madeleine de la Palus.

Louis Gauffridi was rumored to be the godfather of Madeleine de la Palud. (T/F)

False

He was only a family friend.

Father Grandier is a magus. (T/F)

False

He was accused of witchcraft by a group of nuns

Father Boulle had married Madeleine Bayent (T/F)

False

She claimed to have been taken by Bouelle to the Sabbath and was married to the Devil.

The Marquise de Brinvilliers was King Louis XIV's mistress. (T/F)

False

She was his murderer.

La Voisin was a witch and an abortionist. (T/F)

True

Decriminalizing witchcraft only means that witchcraft is not a criminal offense anymore. (T/F)

True

Louis XIV legalized it.

When faith in the devil tends to evaporate, faith in God is also threatened. (T/F)

True

What are the components of the "heresy" discovered by Stephen of Bourbon in the movie Sorceress? (FRQ)

- The valient greyhound Guinefort who was killed unfairly was worshipped as a patron saint by the villagers
- The forest-woman Elda used herbs and nature's properties as ingredients for healing
- Elda and one of the villagers went to the woods to ask the fairies to give the village woman her baby back (swap out the changling baby for her real baby)

Is there really a concept of witchcraft during the Middle Ages? (FRQ)

There wasn't a concept of witchcraft. They knew that there was something that was unexplainable. The people knew what the word, "witch," meant, but the only people who had a concept of witchcraft was the Dominican monks and that wasn't until the end of the Middle Ages. Heresy was only an educated pursuit.

What are the main accusations against Gilles de Rais? (FRQ)

- He was a wizard who dabbled in black magic and accused of invoking a demon
- He was a supporter of Joan d'Arc and wanted to free her against the orders of the king
- He murdered, abducted, and raped many children which angered many parents
- He was a necromancer who wanted riches, power, and knowledge

What are the main traits of the 16th-century witch-trials? (FRQ)

- Remote/small villages all made educated judges-accused witches were old women/cruel/uneducated who have no men in their lives to support them
- Uneducated women are not able to deny their crimes and were tortured till they get their confession and then executed.

What are the main differences between a magician and a wizard/a witch? (FRQ)

- A magician is considered as more sophisticated than a witch or wizard because they learn magic through knowledge
- Magicians are always educated men who have learned the heart of witchcraft (not innate)
- Magicians sometimes pay homage to the Devil or God, and they are generally less persecuted because their education protects them
- The power of witches and wizards is innate (born with special powers)
- Witches and wizards are able to control herbs and cast spells at a low level
- The power comes from their worship of the Devil (most were women)

According to the movie The Crucible, why do the authorities (the pastor of the town, the governor from Boston) encourage the witch-hunt in Salem? (FRQ)

minister wants more power, developing the fear of witch craft will make people come to him for support. the governor decided from the beginning that witches are associated with the rebel; it's the matter of politics.

What are the common points of the Aix-en-Provence and Loudun trials against Louis Gauffridi and Urban Grandier? (FRQ)

Both priests had nuns who were infatuated with them. They did have sexual relations with women who angered others nuns. They gained obsession because the priests were the only men they could see. Both were hung for crimes they did not commit

What are the most important changes in "Witchcraft" between the 16 and the 17th century? (FRQ)

- People started to realize it was not real and people imagined the devil attacking them.
- People started to pretend that they were possessed by the devil
- People were allowed to claim themselves as witches or wizards to have their own business
- Witchcraft was legal

Is there a link between the Reformation and the "Great Witch-craze"? (FRQ)

- Witch craze was fed by Reformation because witch trials were caused by conflicts in Protestant vs. Catholics
- No conflict in places that were heavily 1 religion - Bringing in new religions

Printing press. Martin Luther used the printing press to help people learn the bible in their own language/ to spread the images he created. The printing press was used to spread books related to witch-hunting + the bible in common languages. The church used books about witch-hunting to gain more control/ rid the people challenging them. Protestant and Catholics both burned witches

What is the Affair of the Poisons? (FRQ)

The Affair of the Poisons was a major murder scandal in France during the reign of King Louis XIV. Between 1677 and 1682, a number of prominent members of the aristocracy were implicated and sentenced on charges of poisoning and witchcraft. The scandal reached into the inner circle of the king.

According to the movie "The Devils," who are Urbain Grandier's enemies? What are their reasons? (FRQ)

Laubardemont - politician he wants walls in Loudon down
Apothocaries - they want the freedom to experiment
Father Barrè Mignon - he thinks Grandier is a bad priest
Cardinal Richelieu - he straight up hates Protestants
Mother Jeanne des Angles - she has a crush on him, accuses him of being the devil