History Ch. 7-10

Many Palestinian jews found refuge in Persia after the Roman destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. While there, in the sixth century, learned teachers (rabbis) presided over

the codification of the Talmud

Many of the characteristic features of Islamic civilization from bureaucratic record keeping to the widespread availability of the Qur'an were made possible by the

the ready availability of paper

Having helped lead Byzantium to a successful defense of Constantinople Emperor Leo II initiated the iconoclast movement to strengthen his control over the Orthodox Church and to

curtail the influence and power of monasteries

The heart of the Byzantine economy in the early Middle Ages was

agriculture

By the 930s, the Abbasid Empire had largely disappeared due largely to

significant loss of revenues from the empire and the rise of regional rulers

As a Christian king responsible for ruling a Christian society, Charlemagne

took responsibility for sustaining the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government

many of the local population in Byzantium and Persia

peacefully accepted Muslim rule as more relaxed and tolerant than either Persia or Byzantium

The armies of Abu-Bakr were able to expand Island northward out of Arabia in part because

there was little organized resistance to their advancement

Underlying the Carolingian Renaissance was the basic conviction that

education was necessary for Christian salvation

With regard to holy images, John of Damascus argues that

the image is only a likeness of the original and therefore different from it

Justinian's MOST positive and lasting accomplishment was

the codification of Roman law

Why were so many monasteries for women founded during the seventh century C.E.

convents met a variety of social and spiritual needs for aristocratic families

The Byzantine educational system

was open to nearly everyone, including the laity and women

In 751 the papal emissary Boniface lent papal support to the ambitions of Pepin, Charles Martel's son

by anointing him as king of the Franks

While Pope Gregory's papacy advanced the power and doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church greatly, a negative consequence of his papacy was

his articulation of a formal policy of persecution against Jewish people

Prior to Muhammad beginning to teach his prophecy and his new faith

worshipped many different gods

The Carolingian Empire collapse during the ninth century because

it was a divided empire among the heirs of Louis the Pious, fracturing central authority

In the late sixth century C.E., the economy of Arabia

became much more commercially sophisticated as Arab peoples became guides and merchants on war-torn trade routes

For Muslims, the beginning of tie and the practical start of Muhammad's wider influence occurred

when Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Yathrib

Charlemagne was able to contain Umayyad power in Europe by

maintaining diplomatic and trade relations with the rival Abbasid caliphate

Byzantine architecture, as exemplified by the church of Hagia Sophia

showed great artistic and engineering innovation

What still-debated event took place on Christmas Day, 800?

Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman emperor

As a result of the Iconoclast controversy

the religious and political differences between the Greek East and the Latin West became more pronounced

A dispute between the Umayyad dynasty and Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali erupted in the mid-seventh century, with the followers of Ali maintaining that only a descendant of Muhammad's daughter Fatima and Ali could lead the Muslim community. The followers of Ali called themselves

Shi'ites

In the Middle Ages, the three heirs of Roman civilization were

Byzantium, the Islamic Empire, and the territories of Western Europe

European mathematics advanced greatly after

adopting the Muslim concept of zero

Many monasteries established hostels where pilgrims of modest means could stay because

it was considered holy to house, feed, and care for pilgrims

In 1059, Pope Nicholas II issued a new decree on papal elections which gave the power to elect future popes to the

College of Cardinals

The English monarchy of eleventh century was unusually powerful because

William claimed all the land of England belonged to him by right of conquest

The expansion of the Byzantine Empire during the tenth and early eleventh centuries was assisted by

Christian missionary activity in the Balkans and the reconquering of some territories from the Abbasids

When Emperor Alexius asked for Western help against the Seljuk Turks, he was hoping for

a force of heavily armed horsemen to fight against the lightly armored Seljuks

The monastery of Cluny was unique when it was founded because

it was under the direct authority of the pop, not local lords

Initially a disruptive force, the - played a major role in the creation of new kingdoms and cultural patters after the decline of the Carolingian Empire

Vikings

What was an immediate result of the First Crusade?

Although a triumph for the papacy and the crusaders, it was a disaster for Emperor Alexius.

The new class of lords that arose after 900

were often descended from Carolingian officeholders.

One of the most radical demands of eleventh-century Church reformers was that

secular clergy, such as monks, should be celibate

Beginning in the eleventh century, climate change favored agricultural production in

Northern Europe

The three-field system of crop rotation had all of the following advantages except

aiding the development of individual rather than common fields.

The conflict over investiture was provisionally resolved

by the Diet of Worms

A major source of mechanical power in medieval Europe after 1050 was the

water mill, which was used to saw lumber, press oil, and forge iron.

Partly as a result of the Crusades, Europe

learned much from the Islamic world that shaped European civilization in the twelfth century and beyond

The European men and women who had undertaken the Crusades and remained in the Holy Lands

fused with local customs and peoples, creating hybrid cultures.

Central to the establishment of feudal ties was the

exchange of land for military loyalty or service.

Among the Crusaders were thousands of women

serving the men food and water and tending to the wounded.

The merging of small individual land holdings into larger, common fields that could be worked by a whole village resulted in the emergence of collective farm communities called \_________.

manors

The longest-lasting consequence of the First Crusade was

the escalation of Christian and Muslim ideas of holy war.

By the eleventh and twelfth centuries \____________ had come to dominate the geographic, political, and economic landscapes of medieval Europe.

castles

What was a goal expressed by Pope Urban II for the First Crusade?

to take the Holy Land from the Muslim peoples who held it

Christian theology was transformed by contact with Islam, mainly because Muslim scholars had preserved the philosophical writings of \__________.

Aristotle

One result from the advent of manors was that in many parts of Europe

free peasants were reduced to near-slave status as serfs.

The Crusades spawned a number of crusading orders created to perform necessary functions during the wars. Which one was successful in maintaining a sovereign political presence in the eastern Mediterranean after the Crusades?

Knights Hospitaller

The \________ order became one of the most important order of monks in twelfth-century Europe?

Cistercian

As towns fostered the emergence of the vernacular languages of Europe,

a new sense of wider shared identity began to take shape.

What was a consequence of the rise of the cult of the Blessed Virgin?

Since human women could not match Mary's virtues, they were often likened to Eve and perceived as weak, deceitful, and disobedient.

Saint Thomas Aquinas

believed that the study of the physical universe was a way to learn about God.

The MOST immediate consequence felt after the First Crusade was

the establishment of four fragile Crusader States.

One reflection of the changing status of twelfth-century European women, when compared to Muslim and Byzantine women, was the

evolution of the queen in the game of chess.

During the twelfth century, what became the central act of worship in the western Church?

the sacrament of the mass

When Thomas Becket returned to England from exile in 1170,

four of Henry II's knights murdered him, thinking they were acting on the king's orders.

Innocent III was the most successful pope during the High Middle Ages because he

successfully disciplined kings and defined the central dogmas of the Church.

When Frederick Barbarossa, the Holy Roman emperor, attempted to reassert his domination over wealthy northern Italian cities, the pope

sanctioned an anti-German alliance, the Lombard League.

What religious order became associated with the administration of the Inquisition?

the Dominicans

The First Crusade began as an attempt to aid Constantinople. During the Fourth Crusade, \________.

Constantinople was sacked and occupied by crusaders in the pay of Venice.

As Christian influence in Spain spread southward in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries,

the Muslim and Jewish communities of Spain were often protected by rulers who saw a political and economic benefit for doing so.

Henry II came into conflict with the Church and its leaders, because he

believed that clerics who committed serious crimes should be tried in royal courts.

Which Crusade was personally led by three European kings?

the Third

In the twelfth century, newer forms of literature began to appear, including medieval romances, which were:

engaging tales of knightly adventures.

Beginning in the 1280s, when rulers in Sicily, England, and France expelled Jewish populations to avoid repaying their debts to Jewish moneylenders,

many Jews sought refuge in the Rhineland and Poland

What religious theme(s) did Saint Francis of Assisi emphasize in his new monastic order?

apostolic poverty and the cultivation of a more personal piety

The Capetian dynasty helped contribute to the consolidation and stability of the political evolution of France partially by

producing an unbroken line of long-lived monarchs for over 300 years.

The seven liberal arts that the universities of Europe established as their curriculum were divided into the

trivium and quadrivium.

King John signed the Magna Carta in order to

define the barons' rights, while limiting those of the king.

\_____________ established a French administration that balanced local bureaucratic structures with centrally appointed royal overseers.

Philip II "Augustus"

The evolution of chivalry was appealing to knights because

it helped differentiate them from merchants and clerics competing for social status.

The \________________ was the MOST outstanding medieval manifestation of urban pride, intellectual genius, and a triumphant Church.

Gothic cathedral

The main reason for medieval Europeans' increased interest in Africa was

an increased demand for gold.

About what percentage of the population in areas affected by the Black Death died?

between 40 and 60 percent

The long-lasting impact of the philosophical system called nominalism on our modern world comes from its

encouragement of empirical observation of nature.

Because people thought the plague might be caused by bad air, they

fled stricken areas, which caused the disease to spread more rapidly.

One of the reasons the Black Death was so deadly was likely that

the Great Famine had weakened many people's immune systems.

The Golden Horde was the

Mongol dynasty that controlled a vast territory from the Black Sea into central Asia.

The sacraments of the Church were

the foundation of medieval popular piety.

The various territories Mongols conquered from the Sunni Muslims and Byzantium were called the

Ilkhanate

he Mongol leader who unified the Mongols and laid the basis for the Mongol Empire, before he took the title of Genghis Khan, was named

Temujin.

Dante's Divine Comedy depicts the poet's mythical journey through

hell, purgatory, and paradise.

Mansa Musa is depicted on the Catalan Atlas

wearing a gold leaf crown and holding a gold coin

The sacrament most central to the religious lives of medieval Christians was

the Eucharist

Toward the beginning of the Great Famine, the winter of 1316 was so severe that

the Baltic Sea froze over, trapping ships in ice

Holding legitimate and unchallenged authority over a defined territory is one definition of

sovereignty

In 1258, Mongols destroyed one of the most important and long-lasting centers of knowledge in the world, \___________.

the House of Wisdom in Baghdad

In the early phase of the Hundred Years' War, the English

were well-organized and defeated the French at Crécy and Calais.

The medieval painter Giotto is remembered especially because he

made both humans and animals lifelike, doing natural things, in his paintings.

When Philip IV's knights were sent to arrest Pope Boniface VIII, they

treated him so roughly that he died shortly thereafter

The Atlantic islands that became the base for Portuguese exploration of Africa and Columbus's jumping-off point to reach America were the

Canaries.

Looking for causes of the plague, some people seized upon conspiracies that claimed it was due to

Jews poisoning the water sources

Besides gold, the Mali Empire ruled by Mansa Musa was famous for its

ivory.

Edward I eventually was able to extend his sovereignty into Wales

through ruthless conquest and castle-building

One of the consequences of Mongol efforts to reopen the Silk Roads was

funneling of trade and exchanges through the Persian city of Tabriz

While the Avignon popes strengthened their administrative control of the Church, they also

weakened its moral authority

Master Eckhart taught that

one could retreat inward and ultimately find God without the aid of priests.