Apush Chapter 5

Westward Expansion Causes: opportunities

• california Gold Rush (mineral wealth)

• Mormons settle Utah (religious freedom)

• Improved transportation - Oregon trail, transcontinental railroad

Westward Expansion Causes: Manifest Destiny

• spread what US defines as civilization

• justification to replace people, spread civilization

• racist concept

Westward Expansion Causes: Legislation

• land treaties →creates more land

-Texas

-Homestead Act

-Transcontinental railroad

Effects of Westward Expansion

• Western women gain more rights (some)

• Native Americans suffered more

• Racial Conflict in California (Chinese)

• Expanded Trade with Asia

Causes of Mexican American War

• New president big ideas for expansion to buy California

• Manifest Destiny Ideal

• Spread Slavery

• disputed territory

Effects of the Mexican American War

• Territorial Expansion

• Increased Conflict

-Mangas Coloradas and Geronimo

-California Land Claims

• Continued debates over slavery in the Mexican Cession, and the Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850: North Benefits

• California admitted as free state

• Slave trade prohibited in Washington D.C.

• Texas loses boundary dispute with New Mexico

Compromise of 1850: South Benefits

• Slavery holding permitted in Washington D.C.

• Texas gets $10 million

• Fugitive Slave Law

• No slavery restrictions in Utah or New Mexico territories

The Compromise of 1850 is a _________ solution. In many ways, it sets up the debates about _____ to get more intense

temporary

slavery

• Fugitive Slave Act

• Popularly Sovereignty 

Increased Immigration

• Irish Potato Famine is happening (1846-1851)

• German Revolution (1848)

• Nativism

• Know-Nothing Party (anti-immigration)

• Chinese immigration because of Railroad work, Gold Rush

Effects of Increased Immigration

Nativism

• anti-immigration ideology

• know nothing party (American party) - political party with nativist ideals

Ethnic Neighborhoods

• creation of them

• Example: China Town (SF)

Free Soil Party (North)

Goal: Abolish slavery, or just stop the spread

Abolitionists (North)

Goal: Abolish slavery in USA

• Frederick Douglass

Defenders of Slavery (South)

Goal: Keep slavery and expand it

Political Causes of the Civil War: Failed Attempts to Resolve Slavery

Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)

• repealed Missouri compromise

• created two new territories

• allowed for popular sovereignty regarding the status of slavery

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Supreme Court case

• upheld slavery in the terriotires

Denied citizenship to African Americans

Declared Missouri Compromise unconstiutional

Political Causes of the Civil War: End of the 2nd Party System Causes

Sectionalism ends second party system

Regional differences become more important than political ideology

• whigs can’t agree on slavery

• southern whigs become democrats

• whigs fall apart

New Republican party takes its place

Political Causes of the Civil War: End of the 2nd Party System: Republican Party (1854)

Made up of:

• Free Soilers

• Northern Wigs who opposed slavery

• some nativists

Primarily Northerners

GOP = Grand Ol’ Party

AKA Whigs against slavery support Federal power union to stay together

Election of 1860

• Most free states vote Lincoln

• Shows sectionalism

• north vs. south (big divide)

• before election, people are threatening secession to keep slavery

Secession

First Group:

• South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas

Second Group:

• Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina

The Lost cause myth

• Romanticizes the Confederate Cause (celebrates those who fought for the south)

• Downplays the role of slavery as a cause for Secession

• Reason for Confederate statues in the south, and works of literature such as “Gone with the Wind”

Cause of Secession

Cornerstone Address

New government foundation laid

• “Negro is not equal to the white man: slavery subordinate to superior race natural normal condition” etc.

Based on white supremacy

War Begins

• Lincoln elected Nov. 1860

• Secession of first group early 1861

• Lincolns inaugural address: will use force to keep union together 

• Fort Sumter is attacked by Confederate states in South Carolina

Topic 5.6

Kansas-Nebraska Act led to increased tension/violence

Whig party breaks up over slavery issue

Republicans Rise

• Abraham Lincoln

• Coalition of: - Free Soilers - abolitionists - nativists

Topic 5.7

The election of Lincoln triggers secession

• southern states believe that he will move to end slavery, and start seceding

The Civil war was about slavery, its written into the Confederate founding documents

War begins with the attack on Fort Sumter

The Civil War: North Strengths

• Industrialized = can produce more war materials

• Wealthier (see industrialization)

• Larger population (Urbanization + immigration)

• Strong Government

• Extensive Railroad networks (able to move people and goods around quicker) 

The Civil War: North Weaknesses

• Lacked Military Leadership (military schools are in the South)

• Not as unified (not everyone is down for the cause)

The Civil War: Southern Strengths

• Capable Military Leadership (Lee)

• Defensive war at home (their turf)

• Very unified (everyone is on board)

The Civil War: Southern Weaknesses

• less resources (not industrialized, smaller population)

• weak central government (its brand new, and they love States rights)

Border States

Slave holding States that did not secede from the Union

• Delaware

• Maryland

• Kentucky

• Missouri

• (soon to be W. Virginia in 1863)

How did the Union mobilize for war in the face of opposition at home?

Lincoln’s Suspension of Habeas Corpus (1861)

• Habeas Corpus allows a prisoner to appeal for release if they can prove they’re being held unlawfully

• Lincoln suspended this right for individuals in the border states, because he wanted to stop the spread of secessionist ideas

Northern Conscription Act (1863)

• same basic idea as the South

• allowed people to buy their way out

• resulted in draft riots of NYC

How did the Confederacy mobilize for war in the face of opposition at home?

Southern Conscription Act (1862)

• required anyone between the ages of 18-35 to serve in the army for 3 years

• some resisted

Causes of Union Victory: Industrialized North

The Union had:

• More people

• higher manufacturing capacity

• more railroads

• more wealth

Causes of Union Victory: The Anaconda Plan (1861)

The Union strategy to beat the South, created at the start of the war

• naval blockade of the southern ports

• take control of the Mississippi River, to split the south

Although importance of the plan is the outcome of the war is debated, Union control of the Mississippi River would prove to be a turning point in the war

Causes of Union Victory: Antietam (1862)

Bloodiest day in American Military history

Union “strategic victory”

Effects:

• First major union victory

• stopped Lee’s invasion of Maryland, put south on the defensive (for now)

• Gave Lincoln an opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, changing the purpose of the war

• Prevented European countries allying with the Confederates

Causes of Union Victory: Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

• Between 46K and 51K casualties between both sides (over several days)

• Lee gambled on invading he North and ended the war

• Union Victory - Lee’s army retreated from Pennsylvania back to Virginia, would never invade North again

Effects:

• Confederates losses would make it impossible for the south to ever win the war outright, only if they could hold on long enough for the north to quit

• The Gettysburg Address

Causes of Union Victory: Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

• 47 day siege of the town of Vicksburg by Union Army, along the Mississippi River

• Union Victory

Effects:

• Union takes control of the Mississippi River, which splits Confederate states in two

• Ulysses Grand gets Lincoln’s attention, and would become leader of Union Armies, eventually leading them to victory

Causes of Union Victory: “Hard War” Strategy

The systematic destruction of everything in the Confederate states that could aid their war effort (including civilian property)

The biggest example was “Sherman’s March to the Sea”

• A Union Army, lead by General Sherman, blazed a trail of destruction through Georgia, destroying Atlanta along the way

• Still hated in the South

• “I intend to make Georgia howl” - Sherman

5.9 Key takeaways

• emancipation proclamation changes the reason for the war to one about ending slavery, rather than about politics

• Gettysburg Address convinces Americans that the fight against slavery is the fulfillment of the ideals set out in the country’s founding

Plans for Reconstruction: Lincoln

• required 10% of a state’s voters to take an oath of loyalty to the Union in order to for a new government and rejoin the Union

• required states to accept emancipation of slaves

• offered full pardons to all former Confederates

Plans for Reconstruction: Johnson

• required former Confederates with property worth $20,000 or more to obtain presidential pardon in order to vote or hold office; gave full pardons to others

• required ratification of the 13th amendment

Plans for Reconstruction: Radical Republican

• required 50% of a state’s voters to take an oath of loyalty to the Union in order to call a constitutional convention and elect a new government

• divided south into five military districts

• required state legislatures to adopt new constitutions guaranteeing African American suffrage

• required states to ratify the 14th Amendment in order to seat representatives in Congress

Debates about voting rights: Women’s rights movement

Division:

National Woman Suffrage Association

• Stanton

• argued that women should get the right to vote first

American Woman Suffrage Association

• Stone

• Argued that Black men should get the right to vote first and women can fight for suffrage after 

Reconstruction Amendments

13th Amendment

• Abolishes slavery (unless you’re in prison)

14th Amendment

• makes freedmen citizens

• further defines citizenship

• And a lot more

15th Amendment

• says all MEN can vote (regardless of race)

Other effects of reconstruction debates

Increase in Federal Power (vs. States)

• Rules of voting rights

• Rules on Slavery

Violence

• Klu Klux Klan

Lost Cause

• South tries to revise the history of the civil war

Carpetbaggers

a political candidate who seeks election in an area where they have no local connections