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How does mental imagery differ from actual vision in terms of brain activity?
Mental imagery activates frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, but actual vision leads to stronger activation in the visual cortex.
What is a prototype?
A prototype is the best example or representation of a concept, used to categorize new information.
Provide an example of a prototype in categorization.
A robin may serve as a prototype for birds, influencing how we categorize other birds.
What are algorithms as problem-solving strategies?
Algorithms are step-by-step rules that reliably generate a solution, though they may be time-consuming.
How do heuristics differ from algorithms?
Heuristics are mental shortcuts that are more efficient than algorithms but don't guarantee a correct solution.
What is functional fixedness?
Functional fixedness is a barrier to problem-solving where individuals struggle to think of objects beyond their typical uses.
Give an example of functional fixedness in problem-solving.
If you can't find a hammer to drive a nail, you might overlook using a heavy book or rock as a substitute.
What are the key characteristics of divergent thinking?
Divergent thinking involves generating multiple solutions and is associated with creativity.
Explain why divergent thinking is associated with creativity.
It's linked to innovative thinking and producing novel ideas instead of obvious solutions.
What is Spearman's g factor theory of intelligence?
Spearman's g factor theory posits that intelligence consists of a general intelligence factor (g) influencing all cognitive abilities.
What are the three types of intelligence proposed by Sternberg's triarchic theory?
Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
What is the difference between reliability and validity in psychological testing?
Reliability refers to the consistency of test results; validity refers to the accuracy of a test in measuring what it intends to.
Define intellectual disability based on DSM-5 criteria.
An intellectual disability is characterized by an IQ score two standard deviations below the mean and deficits in adaptive behaviors.
What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
It proposes that language influences thought processes.
Provide an example of research related to the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
Research suggests that the number of color terms in a language impacts a speaker's ability to distinguish color shades.
What is the impact of mental sets on problem-solving?
Mental sets lead individuals to approach problems in habitual ways, which can hinder finding the best solution.
How does confirmation bias affect decision-making?
Confirmation bias leads individuals to favor information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs.
Define creativity in the context of problem-solving.
Creativity is the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas or solutions.
What is convergent thinking?
Convergent thinking involves narrowing down multiple solutions to find the single best option.
What does the term 'intelligence' refer to?
Intelligence is the ability to learn from experiences and adapt to new situations.
What is the significance of IQ in psychology?
IQ is a standardized measure of intelligence.
Describe the concept of standardization in intelligence testing.
Standardization involves developing uniform procedures for test administration and scoring.
What does validity measure in psychological testing?
Validity measures the extent to which a test accurately reflects what it is supposed to measure.
What is the importance of reliability in tests?
Reliability ensures that a test yields consistent results over repeated administrations.
Define gifted individuals.
Gifted individuals possess significantly above-average intellectual abilities, typically scoring in the top 2% of IQ range.
How do phonemes differ from morphemes?
Phonemes are basic sound units; morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language.
What role does syntax play in language?
Syntax governs the structure and rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences.
What is semantics in the study of language?
Semantics focuses on the meaning of words and sentences within a language.
Describe the process of overregularization in language development.
Overregularization involves applying grammatical rules too broadly, leading to errors like "goed" instead of "went."
What is telegraphic speech?
Telegraphic speech is characterized by short, grammatically simple sentences used by children.
What is babbling in language development?
Babbling is an early stage of language development where infants repeat consonant-vowel combinations.
How do language and cognitive development influence each other?
Language development influences cognitive growth by shaping how we think and categorize experiences.
What impact does cultural bias have on intelligence tests?
Cultural bias can distort the development and interpretation of intelligence tests, affecting fairness.
What measures can minimize cultural bias in intelligence testing?
Culturally relevant test items and diverse standardization samples can reduce bias in intelligence tests.
Explain the nature vs. nurture debate in relation to intelligence.
This debate examines the influence of genetics (nature) versus environment and experiences (nurture) on intelligence.
What evidence from twin studies supports the nature vs. nurture debate?
Twin studies reveal similarities in IQ scores among identical twins, suggesting a genetic basis for intelligence.
How do adoption studies contribute to understanding intelligence's nature vs. nurture aspects?
Adoption studies demonstrate that children often show similarities in IQ with their biological parents, supporting the genetic influence.
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