AP World chapter 28 1750-1900

What idea states authority rests with the people, not kings?

Popular sovereignty.

What did Enlightenment ideas promote?

Freedom, equality, solutions to social and political problems.

Who argued rulers get power from the consent of the governed?

John Locke.

What did Locke say individuals retain?

Personal rights; they give political rights to rulers.

Who wrote Second Treatise of Civil Government?

John Locke.

Who believed supply & demand controlled the economy?

Adam Smith.

Who promoted political liberty and separation of powers?

Montesquieu.

The center of Enlightenment thinking was where?

France.

Enlightenment thinkers in France were called what?

Philosophes

Which philosophe criticized the Church and championed individual freedom?

Voltaire.

What did Voltaire mean by “Écrasez l’infame”?

“Erase the infamy” — criticism of the Catholic Church.

What is deism?

Belief that God exists but doesn’t interfere with human affairs.

What movement did philosophes embrace that increased optimism about progress?

The Scientific Revolution.

Who argued for equality of all individuals before the law?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Which work argued that society is collectively sovereign?

The Social Contract (1762).

What war led Britain to tax the colonies?

Seven Years’ War / French & Indian War.

Name four acts that angered colonists.

Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Tea Act.

What was the colonial slogan?

“No taxation without representation.”

What event protested the Tea Act?

Boston Tea Party.

What group formed in 1774 to coordinate resistance?

First Continental Congress.

When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?

July 4, 1776.

Who were Patriots?

Colonists who supported revolution.

Who were Loyalists/Tories?

Colonists loyal to Britain.

Who led colonial forces with strong military leadership?

George Washington.

Which treaty recognized American independence?

Treaty of Paris (1783).

What was created in 1787 in the U.S.?

The Constitution.

The French Revolution was inspired by what two movements?

Enlightenment & American Revolution.

What was the old order in France called?

Ancien régime (“old order”).

Why was France in debt?

Costly wars and poor tax system.

What were the three Estates?

1st: Clergy
2nd: Nobles
3rd: Everyone else (peasants, serfs, urban residents)

What did the Third Estate create on June 17, 1789?

The National Assembly.

What oath did they take?

Tennis Court Oath.

What event on July 14, 1789 symbolized the revolution?

Storming of the Bastille.

What did the National Assembly write in August 1789?

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

What were the goals of the French Revolution?

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

What form of government did France become under the new constitution?

Constitutional monarchy.

What was the levée en masse?

Mass conscription (draft).

What government replaced the monarchy?

A republic.

Who led the Reign of Terror?

Maximilien Robespierre.

What did Robespierre promote as a secular religion?

Cult of the Supreme Being.

How many people were executed during the Reign of Terror?

About 40,000.

How did Napoleon rise to power in 1799?

A coup d’état.

What government did he establish?

The Consulate.

What agreement fixed relations with the Catholic Church?

Concordat of 1801.

What major legal reform did he issue?

Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804).

What was Napoleon’s strategy to weaken Britain?

Continental System (trade blockade).

What campaign marked the beginning of his downfall?

Invasion of Russia (1812).

Where was Napoleon finally defeated?

Waterloo

What was the French colony of Saint-Domingue known for?

Sugar, coffee, cotton production.

Who started the slave revolt in 1791?

Boukman (voodoo priest).

Who led the slave armies and issued a constitution?

Toussaint Louverture.

When did Haiti declare independence?

1804

Who began the Mexican independence revolt?

Miguel Hidalgo.

Who declared independence in 1821?

Augustín de Iturbide.

What replaced his empire?

A republic.

Who led independence movements in northern South America?

Simón Bolívar.

What federation did he create?

Gran Colombia.

Who declared Brazil independent?

Pedro I.

Local military leaders in Latin America were called what?

Caudillos.

What is an ideology?

Vision for ideal political/social organization.

Who is associated with conservatism?

Edmund Burke.

Who is associated with liberalism?

John Stuart Mill.

Who helped inspire abolition with his autobiography?

Olaudah Equiano.

Who led the movement to end the slave trade in Britain?

William Wilberforce.

When did Britain abolish slavery?

1833.

Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman?

Mary Wollstonecraft.

Who stormed Versailles in 1789 demanding bread?

Parisian women.

Who led major women’s rights efforts in the U.S. in the 19th century?

Susan B. Anthony.

What is a nation?

Community with shared language, culture, history.

What is nationalism?

Pride and devotion to one’s nation.

Who promoted cultural nationalism and Volksgeist?

Johann Gottfried von Herder.

Who promoted political nationalism in Italy?

Giuseppe Mazzini.

What movement sought a Jewish homeland?

Zionism.

Who founded Zionism?

Theodor Herzl.

What was the main goal of the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815)?

Restore old order and suppress nationalism.

Who unified Italy?

Count Camillo di Cavour.

What year was Italy unified?

1860

Who unified Germany?

Otto von Bismarck.

What was his strategy called?

Realpolitik (“blood & iron”).

When was the Second Reich created?

1871