ALL QUIZ QUESTION EXAM 1 GENBIO2

A node or branching point on a phylogenetic tree represents a _____

shared trait

creation event

speciation event

mutation

speciation event

A phylogenetic that hypothesizes the fewest changes is said to be most ___.

Parsimonious

Analogous

Homologous

Unlikely

Parsimonious

The _______ species concept is based on the idea that a species is a branch or lineage on the tree of life, all descending from a common ancestor.

Evolutionary

Biological

Parsimonious

Genetic

Evolutionary

Using this phylogenetic tree, which character state separates the sister genera Homo (Humans) and Pan?

Self-recognition

Presence of tail

Chromosome 5 inversion

Culture

Chromosome 5 inversion

In this table the highlighted cells are considered ____ traits.

Character:

1. Macaque (outgroup)

2. bonobo

3. chimp

4. human

5. gorillas

6. orangutan

7. gibbons

Self recognition:

1. no

2. yes

3. yes

4. yes

5. yes

6. yes

7. no

Adaptation for land locomotion:

1. quadruped

2. knuckle-walking

3. knuckle-walking

4. biped

5. knuckle-walking

6. quadruped

7. quadruped

Chromosome 5 inversion:

1. no

2. yes

3. yes

4. no

5. no

6. no

7. no

ancestral

analogous

derived

deleterious

ancestral

Which of the following would make for a good outgroup to the Apes, when building their phylogeny?

E. coli (a bacterium)

Live Oak (a deciduous tree)

Rhesus Monkey (an old-world primate)

Rattus rattus (the lab rat)

Rhesus Monkey (an old-world primate)

Modern Birds (Aves) and Crocodiles are sister taxa because they shared a MRCA, probably a flightless ____ that went extinct millions of years ago.

Mammal

Dinosaur

Fish

Arthropod

Dinosaur

Based on this phylogenetic tree, which trait is most helpful in showing that the "Great Apes" (orangutan, gorilla, human, Pan) diverged from the Gibbons and formed a sister clade?

sself-recognition

culture

chromosome 5 inversion

bipedal locomotion

self-recognition

The evidence shows that life began appearing when (or at least occurred soon after) ___ became abundant on the surface of Earth.

Hydrogen

Water

Plants

Insects

Water

Which of the following statements best describes the RNA World Hypothesis about the origin of life?

RNA developed after the formation of DNA and proteins to support and enhance their functions in primitive cells

RNA and DNA formed simultaneously as a result of the same chemical reactions in primordial soup

RNA molecules were the first to form as a byproduct of protein synthesis that took place in early cells

RNA molecules were the first catalytic molecules to appear on Earth, capable of storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions

RNA molecules were the first catalytic molecules to appear on Earth, capable of storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions

In the microcaves in the deep ocean, what compound was the substrate for the first metabolic processes?

Fe-S

Methane (CH4)

H2O

CO2

Fe-S

Which event stimulated the rapid development of eukaryotes (plants, fungi, animals)?

colonization of land

origin of multicellular organisms

extinction of the dinosaurs

addition of oxygen to atmosphere

addition of oxygen to atmosphere

We need new (novel) _____ because of rapid evolution within the target viral genome.

analgesics

vaccines

antibiotics

chemotherapies

vaccines

Viral ____ can only occur when their genome hijacks a host cell and tricks it into producing more viruses.

Translation

Metabolism

Replication

Transcription

Replication

What role do surface proteins play in a virus's lifecycle?

Synthesize viral RNA

Degrade host cell DNA

Assist in the virus's attachment to the host cell

Inactivate the host's immune response

Assist in the virus's attachment to the host cell

Bacteria use _____ to recombine genes.

Pheromonal transference

Horizontal gene transfer

Sexual fertilization

Diffusion and osmosis

Horizontal gene transfer

What is the name for the transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another bacterium by a phage?

Transduction

Conjugation

Transformation

Transcription

Transduction

When a mixed species aggregation of cells covers a surface, it creates a ___.

Fruiting body

Streptococcal colony

Biofilm

Polyp

Biofilm

Most bacteria reproduce via ______

Fragmentation or Budding

Binary Fission

Parthenogenesis

Sexual fertilization

Binary Fission

Communal reproduction in bacteria occurs inside _____

Gram-negative cells

Fruiting bodies

Spirochetes

Gram-positive cells

Fruiting bodies

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

by secondary endosymbiosis

from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions

when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protocell

from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

Which statement is correct with regard to the comparison of secondary endosymbiosis to primary endosymbiosis?

Primary and secondary endosymbiosis are essential equivalent but occurred at different points in time in the evolution of life.

In secondary endosymbiosis, an entire free-living alga is incorporated into the mitochondrion a heterotrophic eukaryote.

Primary endosymbiosis is the result of alga being engulfed by a cyanobacterium.

In secondary endosymbiosis, an entire free-living alga is ingested into the food vacuole of a heterotrophic eukaryote.

In secondary endosymbiosis, an entire free-living alga is ingested into the food vacuole of a heterotrophic eukaryote.

Most evidence suggests that ___ were incorporated into eukaryotes first.

Flagella

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Plasmids

MItochondria

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral photosynthetic cyanobacterium?

Mitochondria

Hydrogenosome

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Chloroplast

Plastids (chloroplast-like organelles) that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of _____.

Secondary endosymbiosis

Evolution of mitochondria

Primary endosymbiosis

Fusion of plastids

Secondary endosymbiosis

Plants that partition their photosynthetic pathways spatially in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells are known as ___ plants

Calvin

CAM

C3

C4

C4

CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they ______.

fix CO2 into organic acids in the bundle-sheath cells, which do not rely on stomata.

obtain CO2 through their roots during the day.

fix CO2 into by combining it with RuBP in the Calvin cycle

fix CO2 into organic acids during the night when temperatures are cooler.

fix CO2 into organic acids during the night when temperatures are cooler.

Photosynthesis converts ____ energy into ____ energy stored in sugars

Chemical; Physical

Solar; Mechanical

Solar; Chemical

Mechanical; Chemical

Solar; Chemical

Which color is most reflected in a green plant?

Green

Red

Yellow

Blue

Green

The molecules that absorb light energy are

Phospholipids

Pigments

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Pigments

____ attempts to link evidence from ecology, evolution, population genetics, taxonomy, morphology, geology, and biogeography together to explain biodiversity.

Intelligent Design

Modern Synthesis

Darwinism

Linnean Classification

Modern Synthesis

On a phylogenetic tree, which term refers to lineages that diverged from the same place?

Dichotomous taxa

Cousin species

Sister taxa

Basal taxa

Sister taxa

Based on this cladogram, all mammals _____ all reptiles.

have more developed hearts than

are more advanced than

are parsimonious with

are sister taxa to

are sister taxa to

According to this cladogram, which mammalian feature distinguishes Placentals from Monotremes?

"live" birth

hair

big ears

long noses

"live" birth

Based on this cladogram, which trait has evolved independently twice?

milk

hair

vertebrae

4-chambered heart

4-chambered heart

In the Metabolism-First Hypothesis, what is considered the most critical factor for the emergence of life?

Spontaneous formation of simple metabolic pathways that could self-organize and replicate

The existence of an already complete set of enzymes to carry out metabolic reactions

The presence of fully formed ribonucleotides from which RNA could be synthesized

The availability of sophisticated genetic information encoded in DNA

Spontaneous formation of simple metabolic pathways that could self-organize and replicate

For the last 4.5GYA (or so) the Sun's ___ has been ____.

Luminosity; increasing

Orbital velocity; decreasing

Gravitational pull; increasing

Intensity; decreasing

Luminosity; increasing

Bacteria have ____ regions of nucleic acids.

lattice-network

helical

circular

rod-shaped

circular

Internal membranes increase ____ for ____.

Surface area; Metabolism

Volume; Reproduction

Surface area; Replication

Volume; Metabolism

Surface area; Metabolism

Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because ______

all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids

the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes

mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA

without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesis could not occur

all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids

Eukaryotes are monophyletic and all contain _____, which stores and protects their genetic information.

Chloroplasts

Nuclei

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Nuclei

Carbon fixation is catalyzed (sped up) by ____, a very abundant enzyme.

Helicase

Rubisco

Hemoglobin

Reactase

Rubisco

During the ____ carbon dioxide is converted into larger carbon chains or sugars.

Light-dependent reactions

Electron Transport Chain

Kreb's Cycle

Calvin cycle

Calvin cycle

Evidence that viruses are not alive includes the fact that they ____.

can mutate

can replicate

evolve

are non-cellular

are non-cellular

The ____ explains how some organelles have internal membranes and their own DNA.

Binary Fission

Multicellularity Drive

Parthenogenesis of Life

Endosymbiosis Theory

Endosymbiosis Theory

A phylogenetic tree that hypothesizes the fewest changes is said to be most ___.

Homologous

Unlikely

Analogous

Parsimonious

Parsimonious

Some homologies can be informative, reflecting a shared evolutionary history. Focusing on embryonic development, which of these lines of evidence would be a "helpful" homology when constructing a tree for all tetrapods?

Location of ear

All embryonic features are homologous

Presence of gill slits & tails

No homologous features can be used to build a tree

Shape of eyes

Presence of gill slits & tails

The three organisms below all use forelimbs to swim through the water. These appendages do not share an evolutionary history, they evolved from different features. Therefore they are ______ structures.

homologous

derived

heterologous

analogous

analogous

Based on the plant cladogram below, the trait of vascular tissue is ___ for angiosperms and ___ for ferns.

Ancestral; Ancestral

Ancestral; Derived

Derived; Ancestral

Derived; Derived

pAncestral; Derived

This cladogram above shows proposed phylogenetic relationships for several vertebrates. Selected derived traits are indicted on the cladogram by numbered labels. Based on the information presented, which of the derived traits is shared by alligators and manatees but not salamanders?

Give your answer as the number label of a character indicated on the cladogram.

4

2

1

3

3

Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution?

All of these are examples of convergence

Squid and human have eyes similar in structure

Some bats and birds have wings that allow them to fly

Worms and snakes both move without legs

All of these are examples of convergence

A set of shared, derived traits that define a clade is called a:

Synapomorphy

Cladogram

Transposon

Convergence

Synapomorphy

Why do scientists apply the concept of maximum parsimony?

To decipher accurate phylogenies

To locate homoplasies

To eliminate analogous traits

To identify mutations in DNA codes

To decipher accurate phylogenies

When a character matrix is arranged with the fewest changes, it is said to be:

Harmonious

Homologous

Parsimonious

Analogous

Parsimonious

According to the Progressive Hypothesis, what is the main driver behind the origin of viruses?

Horizontal gene transfer

Metabolic dependency

Symbiotic relationships

Genetic material escaping from cells

Genetic material escaping from cells

Some bacteria form a thick-walled _____ in response to poor nutrient conditions.

Sheath

Pilus

Endospore

Capsid

Endospore

This cladogram above shows proposed phylogenetic relationships for several vertebrates. Selected derived traits are indicted on the cladogram by numbered labels. Based on the information presented, which of the derived traits is shared by alligators and manatees but not salamanders?

Give your answer as the number label of a character indicated on the cladogram.

4

2

1

3

3

Based on the plant cladogram below, the trait of vascular tissue is ___ for angiosperms and ___ for ferns.

Ancestral; Ancestral

Ancestral; Derived

Derived; Ancestral

Derived; Derived

Ancestral; Derived