8. Sociolinguistics 4

code mixing

use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance

code switching

switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context

creole

a pidgin language that evolves to the point at which it becomes the primary language of the people who speak it

decolonization

colonies becoming independent

diglossia

situation where two closely related languages or dialects are used in a speech community, one for high and one for low functions

extra- and intraterritorial forces model

builds on the dynamic model, notion of transnational attraction “foundation through globalization”

dynamic model

Stage 1: foundation

stage 2: exonormative stabilization

stage 3: nativization

stage 4: endonormative stabilization

stage 5: differentiation

H variety

the standard of official language

L variety

the dialect or community language

language contact

interaction between speakers of one language and speakers of another language or dialect

Lexifier (superstrate) language

the language that provides most of the vocabulary, often the language of the more powerful group

multilingualism

societies in which two or more languages are in common use

pidgin

language that may develop when two groups of people with different languages meet; it has some characteristics of each language

substrate language

the language(s) that provide the underlying structure of the pidgin or creole, grammar, semantics

three circles model

inner circle (varieties accepted as norms), outer circle (former colonies, create there own norms), expanding circle (look to the inner circle: aspire to that level)

transnational attraction

transnational = in a globalizing world the expansion of English in independent of its origins, attraction = metaphor from chaos theory