Dr. Brown - ETSU - Exam 4

Which of the following describes Anaphase I of meiosis?
a. Homologous chromosomes line up one over the other in the center of the cell

b. Chromosomes split at the centromeres, with each chromatid moving toward either end of the cell.

c. Homologous chromosomes line up side-by-side in the center of the cell.

d.Homologous chromosomes begin moving away from one another toward either end of the cell.

Homologous chromosomes begin moving away from one another toward either end of the cell.

Meiosis I is called the "reductive" division because....

The number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is half of what the parent had.

Testis and ovaries are called primary sex organs because...

They are the sites of gamete (sex cell) production.

The portion of the spermatozoan that contains numerous mitochondria is the....

Midpiece

These cells contain 23 chromosomes with one chromatid each:

Spermatid

This gland secretes a fructose-rich fluid that nourishes sperm cells:

Seminal vesicle

Which of the following is an erectile tissue through which the urethra passes?
a. clitoral hood

b. corpus spongiosum

c. corpus cavernosum

d. crus penis

Corpus spongiosum

The medical term for the male foreskin is....

Prepuce

This fluid is highly alkaline and protects spermatozoa from the acidic environment of the female genital tract:

Prostatic fluid

This process that occurs during meiosis I "scrambles" the genome and provides greater genetic diversity in the gametes:

Crossing over

Which of the following is true of a secondary follicle?
a. the oocyte is pushed to the edge of the follicle by the pressure of the antrum

b. it has a simple squamous epithelium

c. it contains liquor folliculi

d. it contains a secondary oocyte

It contains liquor folliculi

These fibromuscular cords guide the descent of the testes:

Gubernaculums

This uterine layer contains the only muscle tissue in the human body capable of hypertrophy:

Myometrium

Which of the following is NOT true of ovulation?
a. it is triggered by the release of stored LH from the anterior pituitary gland

b. the egg is released directly into a fallopian tube

c. it occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle

d. it occurs immediately after estrogen levels peak

The egg is released directly into the fallopian tube.

These finger-like structures on the fallopian tubes stroke the surface of the ovary immediately prior to ovulation:

Fimbrae

The germinal centers (egg nests) are found in the _________ of the ovary.

Cortex

These structures enclose the entrance to the vaginal canal and serve to protect it.

Labia

Rhythmic contraction of the vaginal walls and "dipping" of the cervix are part of which component of female coitus?

Orgasm

Which of the following contraceptive methods is NOT potentially abortifacient?
a. IUD

b. cervical cap

c. Norplant (injectible hormonal contraceptive)

d. oral hormonal contraceptives

Cervical cap

Which of the following is NOT true of Natural Family Planning?
a. It's the same thing as contraception

b. It has no side-effects

c. It is highly effective at preventing conception

d. It is highly effective at achieving conception

It's the same thing as contraception

Which of the following most accurately defines a carrier of a genetic disease?
a. Someone who has a mild form of the disease.

b. Someone who has the recessive allele on their X chromosome, but not on their Y chromosome.

c. Someone who carries two recessive alleles.

d. Someone who doesn't have the disease themselves, but can transmit it to their offspring.

Someone who doesn't have the disease themselves, but can transmit it to their offspring.

A ________ is a portion of the chromosome that contains the genetic information for one characteristic.

Gene

Someone who has both a dominant and recessive allele for a particular locus is said to be....

Heterozygous

Belding's syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition. If two people have a child, one person is a carrier and the other has Belding's syndrome; what is the probability that that child will not have Belding's syndrome?

50%

Melliotoma is an autosomal dominant degenerative disease. If a person who is negative for the melliotoma allele has a child with someone who has the disease, what is the probability that any one child will be a carrier of melliotoma?

0%

What is the term for genetic conditions in which heterozygotes have a mild form of the condition?

Incomplete dominance

A map of a person's chromosomes is called a....

Karyotype

Widow's peak is a dominant trait. Someone who is heterozygous for widow's peak will have what phenotype?

A widow's peak

The actual alleles a person posses for a particular trait make up that person's....

Genotype

A couple who both have the sickle cell trait have a child. What is the probability that their child will also have the sickle cell trait?

50%

Characteristics that are carried on the X chromosome are referred to as...

Sex-linked

Baldness is a sex-linked trait. If a man who is bald and a woman who doesn't carry the trait have a child, what is the probability that their child will grow up to be bald man?

0%

If porphyria is a sex-linked trait, what is the genotype of a woman who is a carrier of porphyria?

X^P X^p

Characteristics in which more than one allele are dominant are called....

Co-dominant

If someone who has type AB blood has a child with someone who has type O blood, what is the probability that their child will have type B blood?

50%

If someone has type B positive blood, which of the following gametic combinations can they not possibly donate?

A+

Little Johnny isn't so sure of his parentage. He has type A+ blood, but he knows his dad has B+ blood. Which of the following blood types should his mom have?

A-

Someone with hazel (GgBb) eyes has a child with someone who has dark brown (GGBB) eyes. What is the probability that their child will have Medium brown (GGBb) eyes?

25%

At a church social you meet a new family to your parish. The husband has a medic alert bracelet indicating that he is a hemophiliac. His wife does not. What is the probability that their son is also a hemophiliac?

It depends on whether or not the mother is a carrier

In a dihybrid cross in which both parents are heterozygous for both alleles, what is the probability that any given child will also be heterozygous for both alleles?

25%

mitosis

most basic, 2 cells, halves chromosomes

chromosome

organized structure of DNA

one half of a duplicated chromosome

chromatid

connect chromatids

centromere

List the hormones of the female reproductive (menstrual) cycle

Estrogen peaks first after menstruation the LH and FSH peak to show ovulation and then Progesterone peaks to end menstrual cycle

list the components of semen.

spermatozoa, alkaline protestic fluid, fructose rich seminal fluid, lubricant from Cowper's glands

another name for foreskin

prepuce

secretes sex cells

primary sex organs

where is sperm produced

testes

chords that testis travels down when balls drop

gubernaculums

spermatid

immature sperm cells produced by meiosis II of secondary spermatocytes

carries genetic info of sperm

head

Engine that moves a sperm cell

tail

The mitochondria for power of energy for sperm

mid-piece

acrosome

A vesicle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg

What carries the sperm from tubules to ducts

rete testis

4 phases of coitus in men

erection, emission, ejaculation, orgasm

organ that produces egg cells

ovaries

3 ligaments of female organs

round, broad and ovarian

parts of the female external genitalia

clitoris, minor and major labia

what does LH do?

triggers testosterone and estrogen production, and makes the oocyte burst from the Graafian follicle

what does estrogen do?

causes lining to thicken and comes from the granulosa cell

what does progesterone do?

causes mentsral shedding and comes from the ovaries

When does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

What sex hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?

progesterone

What secrets estrogen?

ovarian follicle

In what structure are sperm cells stored?

epididymis

The oocyte in a developing follicle is
A. Frozen in meiosis I
B. Frozen in meiosis II
C. Haploid
D. Completing meiosis I and II

A. Frozen in meiosis I

Where does fertilization occur?

uterine tube

What is the dominant gonadotropin during the follicular phase?

FSH

Which is a possible genotype for someone with B+ Blood
A. AB+-
B. AO+-
C. BB- -
D. BO+-

BO+-

Huntington's- Hhxhh. What is the probability of a child who is a carrier?

0%

Which of these forms of contraception has the highest failure rate?
A. oral contraceptives (The pill)
B. Vasectomy
C. Condom
D. Injectable

C. Condom

How many chromosomes and chromatids are in a secondary spermatocyte

23 and 2

When is semen formed?

emission

Which of the following does not have any abortifacient potential?
A. Injectable
B. Oral contraceptive
C. Cervical caps

Cervical caps

What is the primary component of seminal fluid?

fructose

Which sex hormone peaks first in the menstrual cycle?

Estrogen

When are female sex hormone concentrations lowest?

the transition between one cycle and the next

What female organs contain erectile tissue?

Clitoris
Labia minora

Why is meosis 1 called the reductive division?

it reduces the number of chromosomes inherited by each of the daughter cells

Aneuploidy

Abnormal number of chromosomes.

Polyploidy

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Trisomy

a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities.

Monosomy

missing a chromosome

corona radiata

Outer layer of cells surrounding the oocyte. These cells are secreted by follicle cells.

3 layers of the uterus

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

cervix parts

internal os, cervical canal, external os, fornix

What is LH and what does it do?

Luteinizing hormone
- stimulates ovulation in female and secretion of sex hormones in both the male and female

What is FSH and what does it do?

FSH=follicle stimulating hormone
released from the anterior pituitary
stimulates the growth of eggs into the fallopian tubes in women and in men stimulates the production of sperm