World Empires Exam #2

Seven Years’ War

Global conflict (1756–1763) between European powers over empire; Britain emerged dominant.

French and Indian War

North American part of the Seven Years’ War between Britain and France.

George Washington

British colonial officer who sparked early conflict in the French and Indian War.

Edward Braddock

British general defeated by French and Native forces early in the war.

William Pitt

British leader who shifted strategy and led Britain to victory.

Marquis de Montcalm

French general who led forces in North America.

James Wolfe

British general who defeated Montcalm at Quebec.

Battle of Quebec

1759 battle that secured British control of Canada.

Frederick the Great

Prussian king and military leader during the war.

Battle of Kunersdorf

Major defeat of Prussia by Austria and Russia.

Miracle of the House of Brandenburg

Prussia’s survival after Russia withdrew from the war.

Battle of Plassey

British victory in India that began British dominance there.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ended the war; Britain gained vast territories.

Proclamation Line of 1763

British law limiting colonial expansion westward.

Navigation Acts

Laws restricting colonial trade to benefit Britain.

Stamp Act

Tax on printed materials in the colonies.

Townshend Acts

Taxes on imports like tea and glass.

Tea Act

Gave British East India Company tea monopoly.

Boston Tea Party

Protest where colonists dumped tea into harbor.

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

Punitive laws against Massachusetts.

Lexington & Concord

First battles of the American Revolution.

Continental Army

Colonial army led by George Washington.

Battle of Trenton

Surprise American victory boosting morale.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point; gained French support.

Battle of Yorktown

Final major battle; British surrendered.

Saint Domingue (Haitian Revolt)

Slave revolt that led to Haiti’s independence.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Simon Bolivar

Leader of independence movements in South America.

Gran Colombia

Nation created by Bolivar (modern Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador).

French War Debts

Financial crisis from wars that helped spark revolution.

King Louis XVI

French king executed during the revolution.

Estates General

Assembly of three estates (clergy, nobility, commoners).

National Assembly

Group formed by the Third Estate to create a constitution.

Storming of the Bastille

1789 event symbolizing revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document outlining natural rights and equality.

The Convention

Radical revolutionary government.

Reign of Terror

Period of executions of 'enemies of the revolution'.

Maximilian Robespierre

Leader during the Terror.

Guillotine

Device used for executions.

Jacobin Rule

Radical political control during revolution.

The Directory

Weak government after the Terror.

Napoleon

Military leader who rose to power after revolution.

Battle of Trafalgar

British naval victory over Napoleon.

Invasion of Russia

Failed campaign that weakened Napoleon.

Battle of Leipzig

Major defeat of Napoleon.

Battle of Waterloo

Final defeat of Napoleon.

St. Helena

Island where Napoleon was exiled.

Growth of Capitalism

Expansion of private ownership and profit-based economy.

Industrialization

Shift to machine production using coal and cotton.

Flying Shuttle

Invention that sped up weaving.

Spinning Mule

Machine that improved thread production.

James Watt

Improved steam engine.

Henry Bessemer

Developed process for making steel.

Changing Factory Work

Shift to repetitive, wage-based labor.

Luddite Revolts

Workers protesting machinery.

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized parts for mass production.

Henry Ford (Assembly Line)

Introduced mass production techniques.

Horizontal & Vertical Integration

Strategies to control markets and supply chains.

Jay Gould

Railroad magnate.

Andrew Carnegie

Steel industry leader.

J.P. Morgan

Banker and financier.

John D. Rockefeller

Oil industry monopolist.

Rise of Corporations

Growth of large businesses.

Creation of Social Classes

Division into working and middle/upper classes.

Social Effects of Industrialization

Urbanization, poor conditions, reform movements.

Karl Marx

Critic of capitalism; co-founder of communism.

Socialism

System advocating shared ownership.

Communism

Classless society with no private property.

False Consciousness

Workers unaware of their exploitation.

Decline of Ottoman Empire

Weak leadership, economic decline, nationalism.

Muhammad Ali

Egyptian leader who modernized military and economy.

Tanzimat

Ottoman reforms to modernize state.

Abd al-Hamid II

Ottoman ruler who resisted reform.

Young Turk Party

Reform group seeking modernization.

Armenian Genocide

Mass killing of Armenians during WWI.

Crimean War

Conflict involving Russia and Ottoman Empire.

Tsar Alexander II Industrialization

Russian modernization efforts.

Abolition of Serfdom

Freed Russian peasants (1861).

Russo-Japanese War

Japan defeated Russia (1905).

Opium War

Conflict between Britain and China over trade.

Treaty of Nanjing

Ended Opium War; favored Britain.

Taiping Rebellion

Massive Chinese civil war.

Hong Xiuquan

Leader of Taiping Rebellion.

Boxer Rebellion

Anti-foreign uprising in China.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Conservative Chinese ruler.

Reasons for Imperialism

Economic, political, and cultural motives.

White Man’s Burden

Idea that Europeans should 'civilize' others.

New Imperial Techniques

Military technology and indirect rule.

Sepoy Mutiny (1857)

Indian rebellion against British rule.

British Raj

British rule in India.

Founding of Australia

British penal colony turned settlement.

Franco-Prussian War

War that led to German unification.

Unification of Italy and Germany

Creation of nation-states.

Berlin Conference

Meeting dividing Africa among Europeans.

Zulu War

Conflict between British and Zulu Kingdom.

Battle of Isandlwana

Zulu victory over British.

Boer War

Conflict between British and Dutch settlers.

Niall Ferguson’s Argument

British Empire spread globalization and institutions.

New Imperial Powers (U.S. & Japan)

Expansion beyond borders.

Louisiana Purchase

U.S. land acquisition from France.