bio final

1) Which of following protein structures is stabilized by interactions between side chains (R groups) rather than interactions between backbone constituents?

a) Primary structure

b) Secondary structure

c)Tertiary structure

d)Quaternary structure

c

2) ______, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells.

Epitope

3) Disulfide bonds between the side chains of __________ residues in some proteins covalently link regions of proteins.

cysteine residues

4) Genes consist of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called ________.

nucleotides

5) The molecular building blocks of a ______ are one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids.

fat

6) Which of followings does not belong to cytoskeleton?

a)Actin filament

b)Microtubule

c)Intermediate filament

d)Cellulose fiber

d

7) The nuclear size of the envelop is lined by the _________, which is composed of proteins and maintains the shape of the nucleus.

nuclear lamina

8) Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and macromolecules, a process called _________.

autophagy

9) In animal cells, microtubules grow out from a __________ near the nucleus that is considered a "microtubule-organizing center."

centrosome

10) ___________ is a group of genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of the nuclear lamina.

Laminopathy

11) Extracellular matrix can regulate a cell's behavior by communicating with a cell through ___________.

integrins

12) Cells use ___________ to take in cholesterol. a)receptor-mediated endocytosis

b)ligand-mediated endocytosis

c)receptor-mediated exocytosis

d)ligand-mediated exocytosis

a

13) Channel proteins called _________ facilitate the passage of water.

aquaporins

14) In humans with familial _____________, an inherited disease characterized by a very high level of cholesterol in the blood, LDLs cannot enter cells because the LDL receptor proteins are defective or missing.

hypercholesterolemia

15) Which of followings belongs to intracellular receptor?

a)G protein-coupled receptor

b)Receptor tyrosine kinase

c)Ion channel receptor

d)Steroid hormone receptor

d

16) Which of following enzymes is inhibited by viagra?

a)Adenylyl cyclase

b)Guanylyl cyclase

c)cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase d)cGMP-dependent phosphodiesterase

d

17) Hormonal signaling in animals is called ___________ signaling specialized cells release hormones, which travel to target cells via the circulatory system.

endocrine signaling

18) G protein functions as a _________ enzyme—in other words, it hydrolyzes its bound GTP to GDP.

GTPase

19) __________ transfer phosphates from ATP to protein, a process called phosphorylation.

Kinases

20) __________, an enzyme in the plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal.

Adenylyl cyclase

21) The cholera bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, produces a toxin that modifies a ________ so that it is stuck in its active form.

G protein

22) Increasing the cytosolic concentration of _______ causes many responses in animal cells, including muscle cell contraction, secretion of certain substances, and cell division.

calcium

23) _________ eliminates the cells in the interdigital regions, thus forming the digits.

Apoptosis

24) Which of following steps does not directly generate ATP?

a)Glycolysis

b)Citric acid cycle

c)Electron transport chain

d)Chemiosmosis

c

25) __________ harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate.

Glycolysis

26) After pyruvate is oxidized, the ___________ completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules.

citric acid cycle

27) Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump ____ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.

H+

28) Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ______ synthesis.

ATP

29) In __________, an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) acts as a final electron acceptor.

fermentation

30) Which of followings is not correct about light reactions?

a)Take place in thylakoid membranes

b)Fix CO2

c)Split H2O

d)Release O2

b

31) Photosynthesis is the process that converts solar energy into _________ energy.

chemical

32) Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the __________, the interior tissue of the leaf.

mesophyll

33) The Calvin cycle forms sugar from CO2, using ______ and ___________.

ATP and NADPH

34) In chloroplasts, protons are pumped into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the __________.

stroma

35) Light reactions generate ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from H2O to ___________.

NADPH

36) Which of followings is a go-ahead signal at M checkpoint in cell cycle?

a)All chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers

b)Cyclin combine with Cdk

c)Accumulation of MPF

d)DNA replication

a

37) Each duplicated chromosome has two ___________ (joined copies of the original chromosome), attached along their lengths by cohesins.

sister chromatids

38) During prometaphase, some spindle microtubules attach to the ___________ of chromosomes and begin to move the chromosomes.

kinetochore

39) In anaphase the cohesins are cleaved by an enzyme called ____________.

separase

40) Two types of regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle control: cyclins and _____________.

cyclin-dependent kinases

41) __________ binds to HER2 prevents dimerization.

Herceptin

42) Which of following mechanisms does not contribute to genetic variation among offspring?

a)Cytokinesis

b)Independent assortment of chromosomes

c)Crossing over

d)Random fertilization

a

43) In early prophase I each chromosome pairs with its homolog and crossing over occurs between _________________.

non-sister chromatids

44) A gene's specific position along a chromosome is called the _________.

locus

45) ___________ reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid.

meiosis

46) In ___________, the sister chromatids separate.

meiosis II

47) Human somatic cells have _____ pairs of chromosomes.

23

48) Which of followings is not a recessively inherited disorder?

a)Achondroplasia

b)Albinism

c)Cystic Fibrosis

d)Sickle-Cell Disease

a

49) An ___________ is a variant form of a gene.

allele

50) According to Mendel's law of __________, two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation.

segregation

51) To determine the genotype we can carry out a __________: breeding the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual.

testcross

52) ________ dominance occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical.

complete dominance

53) Most genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called ___________.

pleiotropy

54) In __________, a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus (for example, coat color of Labrador retrievers).

epistasis

55) The cystic fibrosis allele results in defective or absent ___________ transport channels in plasma membranes.

chloride

56) Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism involving impaired metabolism of ____________.

phenylalanine

57) Which of followings is not an example for alterations of chromosome number that cause some genetic disorders?

a)Trisomy 21

b)Genomic imprinting

c)Klinefelter syndrome

d)Turner syndrome

b

58) A gene on the Y chromosome called ________ is responsible for development of the testes in an embryo.

SRY

59) _________ is an X-linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting.

Hemophilia

60) A __________ is an inactive X chromosome.

Barr body

61) Genes can be linked, but the linkage was incomplete, because some recombinant phenotypes were observed. The recombinant phenotypes result from ________ of homologous chromosomes.

crossing over

62) In ___________, pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis.

nondisjunction

63) __________ is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, such as having 45 or 47 chromosomes when 46 is expected.

aneuploidy

64) The cancerous cells in nearly all CML patients contain an abnormally short chromosome 22, the so-called ___________ chromosome.

Philadelphia

65) ______________ is an epigenetic process that involves DNA methylation and histone methylation without altering the genetic sequence.

genomic imprinting

66) All the following statements about rapamycin are true except

a)It is given to transplant patients to prevent organ rejection after surgery.

b)It activates a protein kinase called mTOR.

c)Mice that were given the drug tended to live longer compared with those that weren't taking it.

d)In mice, it has resulted in a body size that is about 30% bigger than average.

e)mTOR regulated mice by the drug were more likely to develop cataracts and were more prone to diabetes.

f)b and d

f

67) Which of followings is (are) a target of antiaging research?

a)telomere

b)GDll

c)klotho

d)all of above

e)a and b

f)a and c

f