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1st Amendment
Guarantees freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition (Free exercise clause).
5th Amendment
Protects against double jeopardy and self-incrimination, ensuring a fair legal process.
Executive Branch
Includes the President of the United States, responsible for enforcing laws.
Necessary and Proper Clause
Art. 1, Sec. 8, Clause 18, grants Congress authority to execute its powers effectively.
Alexander Hamilton
Founding Father, Treasury Secretary, and Federalist papers author.
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863, declared freedom for slaves in rebellious states.
Federalism
Division of powers between the federal government and states.
Miranda Warning
Notification of rights to criminal suspects in custody, ensuring protection from self-incrimination.
Magna Carta
Historical document limiting monarchy power and establishing individual rights.
Block Grant
Federal grant to states for broad purpose programs like law enforcement and public health.
2nd Amendment
Right to bear arms.
3rd Amendment
Citizens do not have to house soldiers.
4th Amendment
No unreasonable search or arrest.
6th Amendment
The right to a speedy and public trial.
8th Amendment
No excessive bail or cruel punishment.
9th Amendment
People get rights not listed in Constitution.
10th Amendment
States' rights. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
13th amendment
Abolition of Slavery (with exceptions such as forced labor in jails).
14th amendment
If you are born or naturalized in the U.S. then you are a citizen of the U.S.
15th amendment
You cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed.
1774
British adopt Coercive Acts to punish the colonies for the Tea Party in Boston
First Continental Congress rejects plan of union, but adopts Declaration of American Rights denying Parliament’s authority over internal colonial affairs.
1775
Battles of Lexington and Concord.
Second Continental Congress assumes role of revolutionary government.
Second Virginia Convention, Patrick Henry speech.
1776
Adopts Declaration of Independence
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
September 17, 1787
Members of the Constitutional Convention signed the final draft of the Constitution
Shay's rebellion
Armed uprising in Western Massachusetts in response to a debt crisis among the citizenry an in opposition to the state government’s increased efforts to collect taxes on both individuals and their trades.
Separation of Powers
Refers to the division of a government into branches, each with separate responsibilities, powers, and prohibitions.
Commerce Clause
Art. 1, Sec. 8, Clause 3, se le otorga al Congreso de los Estados Unidos, para que pueda regular el comercio con las naciones extranjeras entre los diferentes Estados y las tribus americanas; lo cual, implica que el comercio de los distintos estados está supeditado a un control a nivel federal.
Enumerated Powers (of the congress)
To lay and collect taxes
Pay debts and borrow money
Regulate commerce (Commerce Clause)
Coin money
Establish post offices
Protect patents and copyrights
Establish lower courts
Declare war
Raise and support an Army and Navy.
Due Process Clause
Found in both the 5th and 14th Amendments, which prohibit the deprivation of "life, liberty, or property" by the federal and state governments, respectively, without due process of law.
Free Exercise Clause
Clause in the 1st Amendment that protects citizens’ right to practice their religion as they please, so long as the practice does not run afoul of a “public moral” or a “compelling” government interest.
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Art 4, Sec 1, state courts respect the laws and judgments of courts from other states.
Supremacy Clause
Art. 6, Clause 1, prohibits states from interfering with the federal government’s exercise of its constitutional powers, and from assuming any function that are entrusted to the federal government.
Grandfather Clause
Refers to a section of a law, regulation, or other legal document that limits how changes will be applied to legal relations and activities existing prior to the change. Legislators, regulators, and businesses often negotiate grandfather clauses to make the changes apply only to new activity.
Patrick Henry
American politician, planter and orator who declared to the Second Virginia Convention (1775): “Give liberty or give me death”
James Madison
Helped write the Bill of Rights.
Fourth president of US.
Promoted the Constitution of the U.S.
Important leader in the House of Representatives.
Founding Father.
Federalist papers.
Samuel Adams
Leader of the Boston’s Sons of Liberty.
Participated in the Boston Tea Party.
Founding Father.
Benjamin Franklin
The First American.
Ambassador of America in France.
Founding Father.
George Washington
First president of US.
Founding father.
Concurrent Federalism
Powers that are shared by both the federal government and state governments. This includes the power to tax, build roads, and create lower courts.
Monarchy
A form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The legitimacy and authority of the monarch vary from restricted and largely symbolic, to fully autocratic. The succession of monarchs is hereditary.
Oligarchy
Form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people distinguished by one or several characteristics, such as nobility, fame, wealth, education, or corporate, religious, political, or military control.
Federalism
The separation of powers between the federal government and the states.
Segregation
Policy of keeping one group of people apart from another and treating them differently,
Republic
Refers to a state in which political power rest with the power through their representatives.
Declaration of Independence 1776
Document signed by the Second Continental Congress.
Missouri Compromise 1820
A federal legislation of the U.S. that balanced desires of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery in the country with those of southern states to expand it. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and declared a policy of prohibiting slavery in the remaining Louisiana Purchase lands north.
New Jersey Plan
It granted each State equal vote in the Congress. This plan maintained the form of government under the Articles of Confederation while adding powers to raise revenue and regulate commerce and foreign affairs.
Virginia Plan
It distributed the representation depending of the population of each state.
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by president Abraham Lincoln in January 1st, 1863, the third year of the civil war, in which declared that “that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
