GOVT 2305-810 - Test 1 (respaldo)

1st Amendment

Guarantees freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition (Free exercise clause).

5th Amendment

Protects against double jeopardy and self-incrimination, ensuring a fair legal process.

Executive Branch

Includes the President of the United States, responsible for enforcing laws.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Art. 1, Sec. 8, Clause 18, grants Congress authority to execute its powers effectively.

Alexander Hamilton

Founding Father, Treasury Secretary, and Federalist papers author.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863, declared freedom for slaves in rebellious states.

Federalism

Division of powers between the federal government and states.

Miranda Warning

Notification of rights to criminal suspects in custody, ensuring protection from self-incrimination.

Magna Carta

Historical document limiting monarchy power and establishing individual rights.

Block Grant

Federal grant to states for broad purpose programs like law enforcement and public health.

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms.

3rd Amendment

Citizens do not have to house soldiers.

4th Amendment

No unreasonable search or arrest.

6th Amendment

The right to a speedy and public trial.

8th Amendment

No excessive bail or cruel punishment.

9th Amendment

People get rights not listed in Constitution.

10th Amendment

States' rights. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

13th amendment

Abolition of Slavery (with exceptions such as forced labor in jails).

14th amendment

If you are born or naturalized in the U.S. then you are a citizen of the U.S.

15th amendment

You cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed.

1774

• British adopt Coercive Acts to punish the colonies for the Tea Party in Boston

• First Continental Congress rejects plan of union, but adopts Declaration of American Rights denying Parliament’s authority over internal colonial affairs.

1775

• Battles of Lexington and Concord.

• Second Continental Congress assumes role of revolutionary government.

• Second Virginia Convention, Patrick Henry speech.

1776

• Adopts Declaration of Independence

• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

September 17, 1787

Members of the Constitutional Convention signed the final draft of the Constitution

Shay's rebellion

Armed uprising in Western Massachusetts in response to a debt crisis among the citizenry an in opposition to the state government’s increased efforts to collect taxes on both individuals and their trades.

Separation of Powers

Refers to the division of a government into branches, each with separate responsibilities, powers, and prohibitions.

Commerce Clause

Art. 1, Sec. 8, Clause 3, se le otorga al Congreso de los Estados Unidos, para que pueda regular el comercio con las naciones extranjeras entre los diferentes Estados y las tribus americanas; lo cual, implica que el comercio de los distintos estados está supeditado a un control a nivel federal.

Enumerated Powers (of the congress)

• To lay and collect taxes

• Pay debts and borrow money

• Regulate commerce (Commerce Clause)

• Coin money

• Establish post offices

• Protect patents and copyrights

• Establish lower courts

• Declare war

• Raise and support an Army and Navy.

Due Process Clause

Found in both the 5th and 14th Amendments, which prohibit the deprivation of "life, liberty, or property" by the federal and state governments, respectively, without due process of law.

Free Exercise Clause

Clause in the 1st Amendment that protects citizens’ right to practice their religion as they please, so long as the practice does not run afoul of a “public moral” or a “compelling” government interest.

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Art 4, Sec 1, state courts respect the laws and judgments of courts from other states.

Supremacy Clause

Art. 6, Clause 1, prohibits states from interfering with the federal government’s exercise of its constitutional powers, and from assuming any function that are entrusted to the federal government.

Grandfather Clause

Refers to a section of a law, regulation, or other legal document that limits how changes will be applied to legal relations and activities existing prior to the change. Legislators, regulators, and businesses often negotiate grandfather clauses to make the changes apply only to new activity.

Patrick Henry

American politician, planter and orator who declared to the Second Virginia Convention (1775): “Give liberty or give me death”

James Madison

• Helped write the Bill of Rights.

• Fourth president of US.

• Promoted the Constitution of the U.S.

• Important leader in the House of Representatives.

• Founding Father.

• Federalist papers.

Samuel Adams

• Leader of the Boston’s Sons of Liberty.

• Participated in the Boston Tea Party.

• Founding Father.

Benjamin Franklin

• The First American.

• Ambassador of America in France.

• Founding Father.

George Washington

• First president of US.

• Founding father.

Concurrent Federalism

Powers that are shared by both the federal government and state governments. This includes the power to tax, build roads, and create lower courts.

Monarchy

A form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The legitimacy and authority of the monarch vary from restricted and largely symbolic, to fully autocratic. The succession of monarchs is hereditary.

Oligarchy

Form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people distinguished by one or several characteristics, such as nobility, fame, wealth, education, or corporate, religious, political, or military control.

Federalism

The separation of powers between the federal government and the states.

Segregation

Policy of keeping one group of people apart from another and treating them differently,

Republic

Refers to a state in which political power rest with the power through their representatives.

Declaration of Independence 1776

Document signed by the Second Continental Congress.

Missouri Compromise 1820

A federal legislation of the U.S. that balanced desires of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery in the country with those of southern states to expand it. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and declared a policy of prohibiting slavery in the remaining Louisiana Purchase lands north.

New Jersey Plan

It granted each State equal vote in the Congress. This plan maintained the form of government under the Articles of Confederation while adding powers to raise revenue and regulate commerce and foreign affairs.

Virginia Plan

It distributed the representation depending of the population of each state.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by president Abraham Lincoln in January 1st, 1863, the third year of the civil war, in which declared that “that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."