Demographic Transition Model (Unit 2)

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model describing population change over time through five distinct stages.

Stage 1: High Stationary

Characterized by high birth and death rates, resulting in slow and fluctuating population growth; typically seen in pre-industrial societies.

Stage 2: Early Expanding

Death rates decline due to healthcare improvements, while birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth.

Stage 3: Late Expanding

Birth rates begin to decrease due to contraceptive use and changing social values, while death rates remain low.

Stage 4: Low Stationary

Both birth and death rates are low, resulting in a stable population, commonly found in developed countries.

Stage 5: Declining

Birth rates fall below death rates, leading to a declining population; often seen in aging societies like Japan.

Natural Increase Rate

The difference between birth rate and death rate, significant during stages 2 and 3.

Cultural and Economic Factors

Influences on birth and death rates, including access to healthcare, education, and changes in social norms.

Limitations of the DTM

Not all countries fit neatly into the model; some may skip stages or remain stuck due to unique factors.